Biofabricated SnO₂ Nanoparticles Derived from Leaves Extract of Morinda citrifolia and Pandanus amaryllifolius for Photocatalytic Degradation

Urgent remediation is needed to degrade the low-biodegradability dye molecules in dye-polluted water from textile industries, as this contamination has been recognized as a serious environmental issue, causing a range of harmful effects on both human health and ecosystems. In this milieu, the present study investigates the biofabrication of tin oxide nanoparticles (SnO₂ NPs) using leaves extract from Morinda citrifolia and Pandanus amaryllifolius for the degradation of methylene blue (MB), benefaction an alternative solution to the issue of dye-polluted water. The synthesis method integrates tin chloride pentahydrate with the leaves extract, followed by calcination. Comprehensive characterization via FTIR, XRD, FESEM, EDX, HRTEM, and UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed the successful formation of SnO₂ NPs, revealing distinct morphological and crystalline properties. Photocatalytic tests demonstrated that SnO₂ NPs derived from M. citrifolia achieved a superior degradation rate of 97%, compared to 80% from P. amaryllifolius, with optimal activity under neutral pH. While radical scavenger experiments identified electrons as the primary active species to accelerate the degradation and reusability tests indicated a gradual decline in efficiency over five cycles, demonstrating its stability. These findings underscore the superiority of biofabricated SnO₂ NPs as a sustainable and efficient photocatalyst using these two plants, compared to other plant templates, in which pronounce promising avenues for environmental conservation and resource management.