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<p>Sea surface temperature (SST) is crucial for tropical cyclones (TCs). However, accurately capturing SST responses to TCs using satellite-based products remains challenging. Nevertheless, such SST products are frequently used in TC studies. This study compared six SST products during TC passages in the western North Pacific from September 1, 2007 to December 31, 2021, and characterized their spatiotemporal differences. Composite analyses of 355 TC cases revealed that SST differences between products increased during TC passages, with mean differences ranging from 0.1 to 1&#xa0;°C one day after TC passage. These differences were particularly pronounced in the case of larger surface cooling, when TCs were decaying. Similar characteristics were confirmed through comparison with in situ observations, mainly using drifting buoys. Further investigation into the spatiotemporal variation in bias showed that the SST bias of most products, except for J-OFURO3 SST, fluctuated significantly during TC passages. J-OFURO3 SST had the smallest spatiotemporal variation in bias among the six products. This is because the J-OFURO3 SST is an ensemble median of multiple SST products based on satellite observations and includes data without spatiotemporal interpolation in its ensemble members. This study also evaluated higher temporal resolution data from ERA5 hourly skin temperature. However, the characteristics of this product were similar to those of the daily satellite-based products, with the issue of more pronounced temporal bias variations observed during TC passages. These findings underscore the importance of careful SST product selection in TC research and provide valuable insights for the further development of satellite-based SST products.</p>

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Intercomparison of bias of global sea surface temperature products associated with tropical cyclone passages in the western North Pacific

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月14日

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  • Eitaro Nakada,
  • Hiroyuki Tomita

摘要

Sea surface temperature (SST) is crucial for tropical cyclones (TCs). However, accurately capturing SST responses to TCs using satellite-based products remains challenging. Nevertheless, such SST products are frequently used in TC studies. This study compared six SST products during TC passages in the western North Pacific from September 1, 2007 to December 31, 2021, and characterized their spatiotemporal differences. Composite analyses of 355 TC cases revealed that SST differences between products increased during TC passages, with mean differences ranging from 0.1 to 1 °C one day after TC passage. These differences were particularly pronounced in the case of larger surface cooling, when TCs were decaying. Similar characteristics were confirmed through comparison with in situ observations, mainly using drifting buoys. Further investigation into the spatiotemporal variation in bias showed that the SST bias of most products, except for J-OFURO3 SST, fluctuated significantly during TC passages. J-OFURO3 SST had the smallest spatiotemporal variation in bias among the six products. This is because the J-OFURO3 SST is an ensemble median of multiple SST products based on satellite observations and includes data without spatiotemporal interpolation in its ensemble members. This study also evaluated higher temporal resolution data from ERA5 hourly skin temperature. However, the characteristics of this product were similar to those of the daily satellite-based products, with the issue of more pronounced temporal bias variations observed during TC passages. These findings underscore the importance of careful SST product selection in TC research and provide valuable insights for the further development of satellite-based SST products.