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<p>Researchers employing single-case designs must consider how features of a particular design will allow for the detection of threats to internal validity germane to their research question or context. Although recent discussions have reconsidered the purported threats to internal validity of nonconcurrent designs, concurrent designs remain ideal when the independent variable is staggered across behaviors for a single participant. Here, we describe an adaptation of concurrent multiple probe and multiple baseline designs across behaviors: the surrogate control design. This design generally adheres to the logic of other time-lagged designs with fewer concurrently operative tiers (i.e., controls). Like time-lagged designs, the independent variable is applied across tiers requiring the addition of a new control condition to replace the prior (i.e., surrogate) control. This adaptation aims to reduce some of the potentially unnecessary procedural features of standard time-lagged designs that may hinder their practicality in applied settings while retaining opportunities for prediction, verification, and replication characteristic of baseline logic.</p>

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Surrogate Control Design: An Adaptation of the Multiple-Probe Across Behaviors Design

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月4日

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  • Tom Cariveau,
  • Taylor K. Lewis,
  • Katherine Miller,
  • Alexandria Brown

摘要

Researchers employing single-case designs must consider how features of a particular design will allow for the detection of threats to internal validity germane to their research question or context. Although recent discussions have reconsidered the purported threats to internal validity of nonconcurrent designs, concurrent designs remain ideal when the independent variable is staggered across behaviors for a single participant. Here, we describe an adaptation of concurrent multiple probe and multiple baseline designs across behaviors: the surrogate control design. This design generally adheres to the logic of other time-lagged designs with fewer concurrently operative tiers (i.e., controls). Like time-lagged designs, the independent variable is applied across tiers requiring the addition of a new control condition to replace the prior (i.e., surrogate) control. This adaptation aims to reduce some of the potentially unnecessary procedural features of standard time-lagged designs that may hinder their practicality in applied settings while retaining opportunities for prediction, verification, and replication characteristic of baseline logic.