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<p>Maladaptive daydreaming (MD) refers to excessive and immersive fantasy activity that detaches individuals from reality and interferes with daily functioning. Although ordinary daydreaming may be adaptive, maladaptive daydreaming is often associated with marked impairments in social, academic, and occupational functioning. However, validated brief screening instruments for MD remain limited in Chinese populations. This national cross-sectional study translated and psychometrically validated the Polish Maladaptive Daydreaming Scale–Short Form (PMDS-5) in Chinese (PMDS-5-CN). A total of 10,691 participants from a nationwide Chinese sample completed the survey. The translation followed Beaton’s cross-cultural adaptation framework to ensure linguistic accuracy and conceptual equivalence. The factor structure was examined using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha, and convergent validity was examined using both external correlations and internal construct indices. The PMDS-5-CN demonstrated a unidimensional structure with acceptable to excellent model fit (RMSEA = 0.068, GFI = 0.990, NFI = 0.996, TLI = 0.993, CFI = 0.996) and high internal consistency (α = 0.962). In addition, PMDS-5-CN scores were moderately positively correlated with depression (<i>r</i> = 0.555, <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001), positively correlated with adverse childhood experiences (<i>r</i> = 0.132, <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001), and mildly negatively correlated with anxiety (<i>r</i> = -0.135, <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001), The average variance extracted (AVE) was 0.847 and the composite reliability (CR) was 0.965, further supporting the convergent validity of the PMDS-5-CN. In the present sample, 4.5% of participants screened positive for maladaptive daydreaming. The PMDS-5-CN is a valid, reliable, and efficient brief instrument for assessing maladaptive daydreaming in Chinese populations and may serve as a useful tool for large-scale research and preliminary psychological screening.</p>

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Psychometric Evaluation of the Chinese Version of the Polish Maladaptive Daydreaming Scale–Short Form (PMDS-5-CN): A National Large-Sample Study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月11日

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  • Jiabao Ren,
  • Yunchou Wu,
  • Xin Xu,
  • Qian Zhang,
  • Rui Zhong,
  • Siyan Lin,
  • Yibo Wu,
  • Yu Liu

摘要

Maladaptive daydreaming (MD) refers to excessive and immersive fantasy activity that detaches individuals from reality and interferes with daily functioning. Although ordinary daydreaming may be adaptive, maladaptive daydreaming is often associated with marked impairments in social, academic, and occupational functioning. However, validated brief screening instruments for MD remain limited in Chinese populations. This national cross-sectional study translated and psychometrically validated the Polish Maladaptive Daydreaming Scale–Short Form (PMDS-5) in Chinese (PMDS-5-CN). A total of 10,691 participants from a nationwide Chinese sample completed the survey. The translation followed Beaton’s cross-cultural adaptation framework to ensure linguistic accuracy and conceptual equivalence. The factor structure was examined using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha, and convergent validity was examined using both external correlations and internal construct indices. The PMDS-5-CN demonstrated a unidimensional structure with acceptable to excellent model fit (RMSEA = 0.068, GFI = 0.990, NFI = 0.996, TLI = 0.993, CFI = 0.996) and high internal consistency (α = 0.962). In addition, PMDS-5-CN scores were moderately positively correlated with depression (r = 0.555, P < 0.001), positively correlated with adverse childhood experiences (r = 0.132, P < 0.001), and mildly negatively correlated with anxiety (r = -0.135, P < 0.001), The average variance extracted (AVE) was 0.847 and the composite reliability (CR) was 0.965, further supporting the convergent validity of the PMDS-5-CN. In the present sample, 4.5% of participants screened positive for maladaptive daydreaming. The PMDS-5-CN is a valid, reliable, and efficient brief instrument for assessing maladaptive daydreaming in Chinese populations and may serve as a useful tool for large-scale research and preliminary psychological screening.