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<p>The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) adopted non-gendered interpretation without rigorously testing the assumption of gender invariance, which could produce biased interpretations. The current study represents the first empirical work evaluating gender invariance on all PAI clinical scales using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA). As the foundation of MGCFA, factor structures of the PAI clinical scales previously identified via EFA were validated through CFA. The sample consisted of outpatients (<i>n</i> = 372) who received psychological evaluations at a large, university-based clinic. A two-factor structure denoting internalized distress and externalizing behaviors produced adequate model fit and included all clinical scales except MAN. This provided further empirical support for the inherent relationships between dimensionalities of psychopathology. Strict invariance was partially supported via three of the four change-in-fit indices, which provides empirical support for adopting non-gendered PAI interpretations in practice. Methodological considerations, limitations, and salient areas for future empirical work are addressed.</p>

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Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI): Gender Invariance of the Clinical Scales among an Outpatient Sample

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月28日

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  • Minqi Pan,
  • Richard Rogers,
  • Kamar Y. Tazi,
  • Jordan E. Donson

摘要

The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) adopted non-gendered interpretation without rigorously testing the assumption of gender invariance, which could produce biased interpretations. The current study represents the first empirical work evaluating gender invariance on all PAI clinical scales using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA). As the foundation of MGCFA, factor structures of the PAI clinical scales previously identified via EFA were validated through CFA. The sample consisted of outpatients (n = 372) who received psychological evaluations at a large, university-based clinic. A two-factor structure denoting internalized distress and externalizing behaviors produced adequate model fit and included all clinical scales except MAN. This provided further empirical support for the inherent relationships between dimensionalities of psychopathology. Strict invariance was partially supported via three of the four change-in-fit indices, which provides empirical support for adopting non-gendered PAI interpretations in practice. Methodological considerations, limitations, and salient areas for future empirical work are addressed.