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<p>This study developed a novel <i>Eremina desertorum</i> snail extract (Ere extract) loaded-chitosan nanoparticles (Ere-CS NPs) to enhance the anti-diabetic efficacy of <i>Eremina desertorum</i> snail extract. The nanoparticles, synthesized via ionic gelation, were spherical (~80 nm) and exhibited storage stability when lyophilized, with consistent physicochemical properties upon reconstitution over a 90-day period, high encapsulation efficiency (73.56%) and a sustained, pH-dependent release profile. Biochemical analysis confirmed the successful loading of the extract’s rich profile of amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins. In vitro, Ere-CS NPs demonstrated significantly superior antioxidant (scavenging DPPH, H₂O₂, OH<sup>-</sup>, O₂⁻), anti-inflammatory (inhibiting erythrocyte hemolysis), and antimicrobial activities compared to the free extract and blank nanoparticles, alongside high biocompatibility. In a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model, an 8-week oral treatment with Ere-CS NPs (100 and 200 mg/kg) produced a potent, dose-dependent anti-diabetic effect, outperforming the unencapsulated extract. The nano-formulation effectively normalized hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, and body weight, and reduced serum fructosamine. It also provided significant hepatorenal protection, corrected diabetic dyslipidemia by normalizing hepatic and serum triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL-C, and HDL-C, and markedly alleviated pancreatic oxidative stress by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) and restoring superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. Concurrently, Ere-CS NPs potently suppressed pancreatic levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6). These findings demonstrate that chitosan nano-encapsulation robustly enhances the bioavailability and multi-targeted therapeutic potential of <i>Eremina desertorum</i> extract, positioning Ere-CS NPs as a promising comprehensive nanomedicine for managing diabetes and its complications.</p><p></p>

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Chitosan-based nano-encapsulation enhances the anti-diabetic efficacy of Eremina desertorum extract by ameliorating hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation in diabetic rats

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月5日

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  • Sahar Fakhry,
  • Salwa Fouad,
  • Alyaa Farid

摘要

This study developed a novel Eremina desertorum snail extract (Ere extract) loaded-chitosan nanoparticles (Ere-CS NPs) to enhance the anti-diabetic efficacy of Eremina desertorum snail extract. The nanoparticles, synthesized via ionic gelation, were spherical (~80 nm) and exhibited storage stability when lyophilized, with consistent physicochemical properties upon reconstitution over a 90-day period, high encapsulation efficiency (73.56%) and a sustained, pH-dependent release profile. Biochemical analysis confirmed the successful loading of the extract’s rich profile of amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins. In vitro, Ere-CS NPs demonstrated significantly superior antioxidant (scavenging DPPH, H₂O₂, OH-, O₂⁻), anti-inflammatory (inhibiting erythrocyte hemolysis), and antimicrobial activities compared to the free extract and blank nanoparticles, alongside high biocompatibility. In a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model, an 8-week oral treatment with Ere-CS NPs (100 and 200 mg/kg) produced a potent, dose-dependent anti-diabetic effect, outperforming the unencapsulated extract. The nano-formulation effectively normalized hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, and body weight, and reduced serum fructosamine. It also provided significant hepatorenal protection, corrected diabetic dyslipidemia by normalizing hepatic and serum triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL-C, and HDL-C, and markedly alleviated pancreatic oxidative stress by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) and restoring superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. Concurrently, Ere-CS NPs potently suppressed pancreatic levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6). These findings demonstrate that chitosan nano-encapsulation robustly enhances the bioavailability and multi-targeted therapeutic potential of Eremina desertorum extract, positioning Ere-CS NPs as a promising comprehensive nanomedicine for managing diabetes and its complications.