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<p>Via a solid-state reaction route, magnetic composites of chicken eggshell-derived <i>β</i>-tricalcium phosphate (<i>β</i>-TCP, referred to as TCP in the composite system) and zinc-nickel spinel ferrite (ZNF; Zn<sub><i>x</i></sub>Ni<sub>1‒<i>x</i></sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, <i>x</i> = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, or 0.8) were successfully fabricated. Discs were prepared by uniaxial pressing of milled ZNF/TCP powders and sintered at 1200 °C. Cytocompatibility of all composites was confirmed by SEM observations of human osteoblasts (h-OBs) and MTT assays. At 4-wt% ZNF addition, the composites containing Zn<sub>0.8</sub>Ni<sub>0.2</sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (Z8NF) exhibited the greatest extent of early cell spreading and were selected for further investigation. For Z8NF/TCP composites containing 4–12 wt% Z8NF, the 8–12 wt% samples demonstrated the highest levels of cell colonization, while MTT assays suggested non-cytotoxic behavior, with cell viabilities comparable to <i>β</i>-TCP. High-temperature sintering induced partial transformation of <i>β</i>-TCP to <i>β</i>-calcium pyrophosphate (<i>β</i>-CPP), as evidenced by XRD and Rietveld refinement. Increasing Z8NF content promoted <i>β</i>-CPP formation and increased composite porosity, whereas densification and Vickers hardness decreased accordingly. Rietveld refinement further indicated that the detectable crystalline Z8NF phase persisted as a minor yet stable secondary phase ( &lt; 2 wt%) and did not participate in Ca–P lattice substitution. For the 8–12 wt% composites, saturation magnetization decreased with increasing Z8NF because of higher porosity and dilution by the non-magnetic <i>β</i>-TCP/<i>β</i>-CPP matrix, while coercivity increased owing to enhanced effective magnetic anisotropy in the more porous microstructure. Overall, the Z8NF/TCP composites combined biodegradability, bioactivity, and tunable soft-magnetic properties, suggesting their potential for bone repair and bone tissue engineering applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Fabrication and characterization of biodegradable Zn-Ni spinel ferrite/ β-TCP composite ceramics exhibiting enhanced cell colonization

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月29日

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  • Piyapong Pankaew,
  • Poomirat Nawarat,
  • Jaroenporn Chokboribal

摘要

Via a solid-state reaction route, magnetic composites of chicken eggshell-derived β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP, referred to as TCP in the composite system) and zinc-nickel spinel ferrite (ZNF; ZnxNi1‒xFe2O4, x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, or 0.8) were successfully fabricated. Discs were prepared by uniaxial pressing of milled ZNF/TCP powders and sintered at 1200 °C. Cytocompatibility of all composites was confirmed by SEM observations of human osteoblasts (h-OBs) and MTT assays. At 4-wt% ZNF addition, the composites containing Zn0.8Ni0.2Fe2O4 (Z8NF) exhibited the greatest extent of early cell spreading and were selected for further investigation. For Z8NF/TCP composites containing 4–12 wt% Z8NF, the 8–12 wt% samples demonstrated the highest levels of cell colonization, while MTT assays suggested non-cytotoxic behavior, with cell viabilities comparable to β-TCP. High-temperature sintering induced partial transformation of β-TCP to β-calcium pyrophosphate (β-CPP), as evidenced by XRD and Rietveld refinement. Increasing Z8NF content promoted β-CPP formation and increased composite porosity, whereas densification and Vickers hardness decreased accordingly. Rietveld refinement further indicated that the detectable crystalline Z8NF phase persisted as a minor yet stable secondary phase ( < 2 wt%) and did not participate in Ca–P lattice substitution. For the 8–12 wt% composites, saturation magnetization decreased with increasing Z8NF because of higher porosity and dilution by the non-magnetic β-TCP/β-CPP matrix, while coercivity increased owing to enhanced effective magnetic anisotropy in the more porous microstructure. Overall, the Z8NF/TCP composites combined biodegradability, bioactivity, and tunable soft-magnetic properties, suggesting their potential for bone repair and bone tissue engineering applications.

Graphical Abstract