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<p>In the current study, ZnO nanorod (NR) thin films were prepared on glass substrates using the chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. The surface morphology, crystalline structure, and optical properties of the grown ZnO NRs were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV–Vis spectroscopy. SEM images revealed ZnO nanorods with hexagonal morphology, with diameters of 20–160&#xa0;nm and a uniform distribution on the substrate. XRD analysis verifies that the ZnO NRs exhibit a hexagonal wurtzite structure with a noticeable preferred orientation along the (002) plane. The prepared ZnO NR thin films exhibited a band gap of 3.24&#xa0;eV. ZnO NRs thin films have been used for the removal of lead Pb(II) and copper Cu(II) heavy metal ions at a concentration of 50&#xa0;ppm, as well as photocatalysts for the degradation of Congo red (CR) dye over a pH range of 5–11. Under UV irradiation, the removal efficiency of ZnO NR thin films for Pb(II) increased from 15 to 93.2% as the treatment duration extended from 60 to 300&#xa0;min. In comparison, the efficiency for Cu(II) rose from 37 to 89.5% with an increase in treatment time from 60 to 240&#xa0;min. The maximum degradation efficiency of 81.5% occurred at pH 5 after 240&#xa0;min of CR dye treatment utilizing the ZnO NR thin films at an initial dye concentration of 10&#xa0;mg/L.</p>

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Fabrication of ZnO nanorod thin films for enhanced heavy metal removal and photocatalytic dye degradation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月4日

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  • Atyaf M. Abdul Muttalib,
  • M. A. Mahdi,
  • Sattar J. Kasim

摘要

In the current study, ZnO nanorod (NR) thin films were prepared on glass substrates using the chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. The surface morphology, crystalline structure, and optical properties of the grown ZnO NRs were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV–Vis spectroscopy. SEM images revealed ZnO nanorods with hexagonal morphology, with diameters of 20–160 nm and a uniform distribution on the substrate. XRD analysis verifies that the ZnO NRs exhibit a hexagonal wurtzite structure with a noticeable preferred orientation along the (002) plane. The prepared ZnO NR thin films exhibited a band gap of 3.24 eV. ZnO NRs thin films have been used for the removal of lead Pb(II) and copper Cu(II) heavy metal ions at a concentration of 50 ppm, as well as photocatalysts for the degradation of Congo red (CR) dye over a pH range of 5–11. Under UV irradiation, the removal efficiency of ZnO NR thin films for Pb(II) increased from 15 to 93.2% as the treatment duration extended from 60 to 300 min. In comparison, the efficiency for Cu(II) rose from 37 to 89.5% with an increase in treatment time from 60 to 240 min. The maximum degradation efficiency of 81.5% occurred at pH 5 after 240 min of CR dye treatment utilizing the ZnO NR thin films at an initial dye concentration of 10 mg/L.