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<p>Perovskite solar cells (PSC) have attracted considerable attention owing to their high power conversion efficiencies; however, their intermittent power output under variable illumination necessitates effective energy storage solutions. Integrating PSCs with supercapacitors (SC) into a single energy conversion and storage device has emerged as a promising strategy for achieving self-powered and compact energy systems. This review critically examines recent advances in integrated PSC–SC devices, with particular emphasis on carbon-based materials that can serve as multifunctional electrodes in both technologies. The roles of carbon materials in PSC, SC, and shared-electrode integrated architectures are systematically discussed, together with their influence on device performance, cost, and sustainability. Current carbon-based integrated PSC–SC systems generally exhibit overall efficiencies below 8%, substantially lower than those of noble-metal-based counterparts, primarily due to lower electrical conductivity, increased series resistance, interfacial charge-transfer limitations, and insufficient optimization of carbon-based architectures. Furthermore, challenges related to material compatibility, electrolyte-induced degradation, hysteresis, operational stability, and large-scale manufacturing are critically analyzed. Strategies including interface passivation, conductivity enhancement, advanced carbon architectures, optimized device integration, and solid-state electrolytes are highlighted as promising approaches to improve performance and durability. Particular attention is given to biomass-derived carbon materials as low cost, sustainable, and potentially dual-functional electrodes for future integrated devices. Finally, the prospects and remaining challenges for developing efficient, stable, and economically viable carbon-based PSC–SC systems are discussed.</p>

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Carbon electrode-based integrated perovskite solar cell/supercapacitor for a sustainable energy conversion and storage pack

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月24日

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  • Intan Paramudita,
  • Farhana Aziz,
  • Juhana Jaafar,
  • Mohd Akmali Mokhter,
  • Wan Norharyati Wan Salleh,
  • Maria Ulfa,
  • Yahdi Bin Rus,
  • Catur Hilman A. H. B. Baskoro,
  • Widhya Budiawan,
  • Natalita Maulani Nursam

摘要

Perovskite solar cells (PSC) have attracted considerable attention owing to their high power conversion efficiencies; however, their intermittent power output under variable illumination necessitates effective energy storage solutions. Integrating PSCs with supercapacitors (SC) into a single energy conversion and storage device has emerged as a promising strategy for achieving self-powered and compact energy systems. This review critically examines recent advances in integrated PSC–SC devices, with particular emphasis on carbon-based materials that can serve as multifunctional electrodes in both technologies. The roles of carbon materials in PSC, SC, and shared-electrode integrated architectures are systematically discussed, together with their influence on device performance, cost, and sustainability. Current carbon-based integrated PSC–SC systems generally exhibit overall efficiencies below 8%, substantially lower than those of noble-metal-based counterparts, primarily due to lower electrical conductivity, increased series resistance, interfacial charge-transfer limitations, and insufficient optimization of carbon-based architectures. Furthermore, challenges related to material compatibility, electrolyte-induced degradation, hysteresis, operational stability, and large-scale manufacturing are critically analyzed. Strategies including interface passivation, conductivity enhancement, advanced carbon architectures, optimized device integration, and solid-state electrolytes are highlighted as promising approaches to improve performance and durability. Particular attention is given to biomass-derived carbon materials as low cost, sustainable, and potentially dual-functional electrodes for future integrated devices. Finally, the prospects and remaining challenges for developing efficient, stable, and economically viable carbon-based PSC–SC systems are discussed.