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<p>Titania thin films, suitable for nonlinear optical (NLO) and photonic applications, were synthesized using the spray pyrolysis technique at various substrate temperatures (300–450&#xa0;°C). The pure anatase phase of the films was confirmed through X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopic studies. The SEM analysis revealed a spherical grain morphology of the films. The roughness of the films was estimated through AFM analysis. The optical transmission spectra depicted high visible transparency with a bandgap of 3.2–3.3&#xa0;eV. The broad emission spectra observed through photoluminescence spectra demonstrated the existence of intrinsic defect states in the material, which was further supported by the XPS results. The NLO behaviour studied using a continuous-wave (CW) laser (532&#xa0;nm) and a femtosecond pulsed laser (800&#xa0;nm), illustrating a distinct reverse saturable absorption behaviour in open-aperture (OA) Z-scan. A negative and positive nonlinear refraction under CW and femtosecond pulsed laser closed-aperture (CA) Z-scan respectively. The total nonlinear susceptibility of the films was found to be of the order of 10<sup>–4</sup> and 10<sup>–10</sup> esu for CW and pulsed lasers, signifying a strong nonlinear response. Thus, the functional titania films hold significant potential for optical limiting and switching devices.</p>

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Nonlinear optical behaviour of spray-deposited titania thin films studied using CW laser and femtosecond pulses

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月16日

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  • Vinutha Salagaunda,
  • Tuhina Parvin Sultana,
  • Venugopal Rao Soma,
  • Neelamma B. Gummagol,
  • Parutagouda Shankaragouda Patil,
  • B. V. Rajendra

摘要

Titania thin films, suitable for nonlinear optical (NLO) and photonic applications, were synthesized using the spray pyrolysis technique at various substrate temperatures (300–450 °C). The pure anatase phase of the films was confirmed through X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopic studies. The SEM analysis revealed a spherical grain morphology of the films. The roughness of the films was estimated through AFM analysis. The optical transmission spectra depicted high visible transparency with a bandgap of 3.2–3.3 eV. The broad emission spectra observed through photoluminescence spectra demonstrated the existence of intrinsic defect states in the material, which was further supported by the XPS results. The NLO behaviour studied using a continuous-wave (CW) laser (532 nm) and a femtosecond pulsed laser (800 nm), illustrating a distinct reverse saturable absorption behaviour in open-aperture (OA) Z-scan. A negative and positive nonlinear refraction under CW and femtosecond pulsed laser closed-aperture (CA) Z-scan respectively. The total nonlinear susceptibility of the films was found to be of the order of 10–4 and 10–10 esu for CW and pulsed lasers, signifying a strong nonlinear response. Thus, the functional titania films hold significant potential for optical limiting and switching devices.