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<p>Metal-based superconducting materials account for over 90% of the superconducting materials market and serve as the core materials for long-term stable operation in high-field magnetic devices such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) systems, particle accelerators, and fusion reactors. Their unique advantage of combining superconducting properties with excellent mechanical performance renders them irreplaceable in high-field magnet systems. However, a persistent key challenge in this field is that the traditional mainstream material, NbTi alloy, is constrained by an upper critical field of approximately 12&#xa0;T, with its current-carrying capacity at high fields approaching its limits without significant breakthroughs for many years. The NbTiTa alloy, designed to enhance high-field performance, raises the upper critical field to about 15&#xa0;T but still faces difficulties such as complex fabrication processes and limited performance improvement. In recent years, high-entropy alloy superconductors, represented by the TaNbHfZrTi system, have emerged as a novel class of ductile superconductors that combine respectable superconducting properties (Hc2 ≈ 8–12&#xa0;T, wire Jc &gt; 100 kA/cm2) with exceptional mechanical robustness and irradiation tolerance—offering a complementary pathway to traditional materials. This paper systematically reviews the research trajectory from NbTi and NbTiTa to high-entropy alloys, deeply analyzes the performance bottlenecks and fabrication challenges of each material category, and specifically explores how high-entropy alloys, through compositional and structural innovation, can open new development pathways for metal-based superconductors. The aim is to provide a reference for the material design of next-generation high-performance superconducting magnets.</p>

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Challenges and opportunities in BCC-structured ductile superconducting materials: from NbTi to high-entropy alloys

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月7日

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  • Xinzheng Guo,
  • Qingbin Hao,
  • Shengnan Zhang,
  • Juntao Zou,
  • Xiaoyan Xu,
  • Gaofeng Jiao,
  • Pingxiang Zhang

摘要

Metal-based superconducting materials account for over 90% of the superconducting materials market and serve as the core materials for long-term stable operation in high-field magnetic devices such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) systems, particle accelerators, and fusion reactors. Their unique advantage of combining superconducting properties with excellent mechanical performance renders them irreplaceable in high-field magnet systems. However, a persistent key challenge in this field is that the traditional mainstream material, NbTi alloy, is constrained by an upper critical field of approximately 12 T, with its current-carrying capacity at high fields approaching its limits without significant breakthroughs for many years. The NbTiTa alloy, designed to enhance high-field performance, raises the upper critical field to about 15 T but still faces difficulties such as complex fabrication processes and limited performance improvement. In recent years, high-entropy alloy superconductors, represented by the TaNbHfZrTi system, have emerged as a novel class of ductile superconductors that combine respectable superconducting properties (Hc2 ≈ 8–12 T, wire Jc > 100 kA/cm2) with exceptional mechanical robustness and irradiation tolerance—offering a complementary pathway to traditional materials. This paper systematically reviews the research trajectory from NbTi and NbTiTa to high-entropy alloys, deeply analyzes the performance bottlenecks and fabrication challenges of each material category, and specifically explores how high-entropy alloys, through compositional and structural innovation, can open new development pathways for metal-based superconductors. The aim is to provide a reference for the material design of next-generation high-performance superconducting magnets.