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<p>The primary objective of this study is to synthesize cost-effective, eco-friendly, and highly crystalline copper oxide (CuO) using a green synthesis method for environmental remediation applications. The results were validated against CuO prepared by co-precipitation methods. This work thoroughly investigates the effects of preparation techniques and plant-mediated synthesis on the structural, morphological, and optical properties of CuO samples. UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS) analysis indicated a narrow bandgap energy, which enhanced visible light absorption. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed the characteristic peaks of <i>Spinacia oleracea</i>, along with notable peak shifts in the CuO synthesized via the green method. This suggests that phytochemical-mediated modifications occur on the CuO surface features. The prepared CuO samples have demonstrated both photocatalytic degradation and catalytic properties. Photocatalytic studies were conducted on tetracycline (TC) under visible light conditions, both in the presence and absence of hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>). Our results show that the CuO synthesized by the green method demonstrates excellent photocatalytic activity compared to the co-precipitation method, primarily due to its lower crystallite size of 19.8&#xa0;nm and higher surface area of 89.81 m<sup>2</sup>/g. The CuO synthesized by the green method exhibited an exceptional degradation efficiency of 71.42% within 120&#xa0;min, with a corresponding rate constant of 0.01404&#xa0;min<sup>−1</sup>. The hydroxyl radicals (<sup>⋅</sup>OH) played the major role in the degradation reaction. In addition, the CuO samples efficiently eliminated nitro compounds such as 2-nitrophenol (2-NP) and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) using NaBH<sub>4</sub> as a reducing agent. Moreover, the CuO samples demonstrated good reproducibility over four consecutive cycles. The dual comparison of CuO from green and chemical synthesis for both photocatalysis and nitro-reduction is a valuable contribution. The primary aim of this work is to explore biosynthesized nanomaterials for environmental remediation applications.</p>

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Green vs. chemical synthesis of CuO nanoparticles: enhanced photocatalytic and catalytic performance for environmental remediation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月3日

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  • Kiruthika Murugesan,
  • Siva Chidambaram,
  • Maheswaran Rathinam

摘要

The primary objective of this study is to synthesize cost-effective, eco-friendly, and highly crystalline copper oxide (CuO) using a green synthesis method for environmental remediation applications. The results were validated against CuO prepared by co-precipitation methods. This work thoroughly investigates the effects of preparation techniques and plant-mediated synthesis on the structural, morphological, and optical properties of CuO samples. UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS) analysis indicated a narrow bandgap energy, which enhanced visible light absorption. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed the characteristic peaks of Spinacia oleracea, along with notable peak shifts in the CuO synthesized via the green method. This suggests that phytochemical-mediated modifications occur on the CuO surface features. The prepared CuO samples have demonstrated both photocatalytic degradation and catalytic properties. Photocatalytic studies were conducted on tetracycline (TC) under visible light conditions, both in the presence and absence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Our results show that the CuO synthesized by the green method demonstrates excellent photocatalytic activity compared to the co-precipitation method, primarily due to its lower crystallite size of 19.8 nm and higher surface area of 89.81 m2/g. The CuO synthesized by the green method exhibited an exceptional degradation efficiency of 71.42% within 120 min, with a corresponding rate constant of 0.01404 min−1. The hydroxyl radicals (⋅OH) played the major role in the degradation reaction. In addition, the CuO samples efficiently eliminated nitro compounds such as 2-nitrophenol (2-NP) and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) using NaBH4 as a reducing agent. Moreover, the CuO samples demonstrated good reproducibility over four consecutive cycles. The dual comparison of CuO from green and chemical synthesis for both photocatalysis and nitro-reduction is a valuable contribution. The primary aim of this work is to explore biosynthesized nanomaterials for environmental remediation applications.