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<p>This research paper describes the synthesis of Ni<sub>1-X</sub>Fe<sub>X</sub>Co<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> thin films using nebulizer spray pyrolysis at various Fe ratios (2.5, 5.5, and 9.5 wt.%). X-ray diffraction of the Ni<sub>1-X</sub>Fe<sub>X</sub>Co<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> thin films reveals a polycrystalline cubic phase in all Ni<sub>1-X</sub>Fe<sub>X</sub>Co<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> films. The examination of the microstructural characteristics of the Ni<sub>1-X</sub>Fe<sub>X</sub>Co<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> films indicates that, with a higher Fe ratio, the number of crystallites, the dislocation density, and lattice strain rise, accompanied by a reduction in crystallite size. As the iron content rose from 2.5 to 9.5 wt.%, the energy gap of the Ni<sub>1-X</sub>Fe<sub>X</sub>Co<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> films fell from 2.39&#xa0;eV to 2.08&#xa0;eV. Also, increasing the Fe ratio improves the films’ dispersion energy (E<sub>d</sub>), optical conductivity, refractive index, and optical carrier concentration. The nonlinear-optical parameters of the Ni<sub>1-X</sub>Fe<sub>X</sub>Co<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> films were evaluated. An examination of the nonlinear-optical parameters reveals enhancements in the nonlinear refractive index and the third-order nonlinear susceptibility as the Fe content increases. Furthermore, the gas-sensing performance of the Ni<sub>1-X</sub>Fe<sub>X</sub>Co<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> sample for ammonia detection was evaluated under ambient conditions. The results showed that the 5.5 wt.% Ni<sub>1-X</sub>Fe<sub>X</sub>Co<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> sensor exhibited a remarkable gas response of 2300 at 250&#xa0;°C, with rapid response and recovery times recorded at 64&#xa0;s and 8&#xa0;s, respectively. In addition, the sensor demonstrated outstanding selectivity toward ammonia when compared with other gases.</p>

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Optimizing Fe doping in NiCo2O4 thin films for high-performance ammonia sensors

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月26日

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  • Hajo Idriss,
  • Khalid Hassan Ibnaouf,
  • A. Modwi,
  • Islam Ahmed,
  • Reim A. Almotiri

摘要

This research paper describes the synthesis of Ni1-XFeXCo2O4 thin films using nebulizer spray pyrolysis at various Fe ratios (2.5, 5.5, and 9.5 wt.%). X-ray diffraction of the Ni1-XFeXCo2O4 thin films reveals a polycrystalline cubic phase in all Ni1-XFeXCo2O4 films. The examination of the microstructural characteristics of the Ni1-XFeXCo2O4 films indicates that, with a higher Fe ratio, the number of crystallites, the dislocation density, and lattice strain rise, accompanied by a reduction in crystallite size. As the iron content rose from 2.5 to 9.5 wt.%, the energy gap of the Ni1-XFeXCo2O4 films fell from 2.39 eV to 2.08 eV. Also, increasing the Fe ratio improves the films’ dispersion energy (Ed), optical conductivity, refractive index, and optical carrier concentration. The nonlinear-optical parameters of the Ni1-XFeXCo2O4 films were evaluated. An examination of the nonlinear-optical parameters reveals enhancements in the nonlinear refractive index and the third-order nonlinear susceptibility as the Fe content increases. Furthermore, the gas-sensing performance of the Ni1-XFeXCo2O4 sample for ammonia detection was evaluated under ambient conditions. The results showed that the 5.5 wt.% Ni1-XFeXCo2O4 sensor exhibited a remarkable gas response of 2300 at 250 °C, with rapid response and recovery times recorded at 64 s and 8 s, respectively. In addition, the sensor demonstrated outstanding selectivity toward ammonia when compared with other gases.