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<p>Titanium-based metal–organic frameworks (Ti-BDC MOFs) were synthesized via a solvothermal route at different temperatures ranging from 110 to 170&#xa0;°C using terephthalic acid as the organic linker. The synthesized samples were systematically characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to investigate their structural, morphological, optical, and thermal properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies revealed temperature-dependent variations in crystallinity and phase evolution, while FESEM analysis demonstrated significant morphological transformations with increasing synthesis temperature. EDX confirmed the presence of Ti, O, and C elements, validating the successful formation of the Ti-BDC framework. FTIR spectra verified the coordination between Ti metal centers and BDC linkers, whereas TGA indicated good thermal stability with framework integrity maintained up to approximately 280&#xa0;°C. Ultraviolet–visible studies were employed to determine the optical band gap, and BET analysis revealed the microporous and hierarchical porous nature of the synthesized materials. Gas sensing characteristics toward n-butanol were evaluated under ambient conditions using the static liquid distribution method. Among all samples, the Ti-BDC MOF synthesized at 150&#xa0;°C exhibited the best sensing performance toward 5&#xa0;ppm n-butanol, showing superior response–recovery behavior, excellent selectivity, and long-term stability, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.66&#xa0;ppm. The enhanced sensing performance is attributed to the optimized crystallinity, porous architecture, and abundant active adsorption sites that facilitate efficient gas diffusion and charge transfer processes. These findings demonstrate the potential of Ti-BDC MOFs as promising sensing materials for low-concentration n-butanol detection in environmental monitoring and workplace safety applications.</p>

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Synthesis and characterization of mesoporous titanium-based MOFs as advanced n-butanol gas sensor applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月3日

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  • Madhuker Valabhoju,
  • Nagaraju Pothukanuri,
  • Velavan Kathirvelu,
  • Saidi Reddy Parne

摘要

Titanium-based metal–organic frameworks (Ti-BDC MOFs) were synthesized via a solvothermal route at different temperatures ranging from 110 to 170 °C using terephthalic acid as the organic linker. The synthesized samples were systematically characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to investigate their structural, morphological, optical, and thermal properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies revealed temperature-dependent variations in crystallinity and phase evolution, while FESEM analysis demonstrated significant morphological transformations with increasing synthesis temperature. EDX confirmed the presence of Ti, O, and C elements, validating the successful formation of the Ti-BDC framework. FTIR spectra verified the coordination between Ti metal centers and BDC linkers, whereas TGA indicated good thermal stability with framework integrity maintained up to approximately 280 °C. Ultraviolet–visible studies were employed to determine the optical band gap, and BET analysis revealed the microporous and hierarchical porous nature of the synthesized materials. Gas sensing characteristics toward n-butanol were evaluated under ambient conditions using the static liquid distribution method. Among all samples, the Ti-BDC MOF synthesized at 150 °C exhibited the best sensing performance toward 5 ppm n-butanol, showing superior response–recovery behavior, excellent selectivity, and long-term stability, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.66 ppm. The enhanced sensing performance is attributed to the optimized crystallinity, porous architecture, and abundant active adsorption sites that facilitate efficient gas diffusion and charge transfer processes. These findings demonstrate the potential of Ti-BDC MOFs as promising sensing materials for low-concentration n-butanol detection in environmental monitoring and workplace safety applications.