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<p>In this study, the pristine zinc ferrite (ZF), lanthanum (La)-doped ZF (La@ZF), praseodymium (Pr)-doped ZF (Pr@ZF), and La, Pr co-doped ZF (La@Pr@ZF) nanoparticles were synthesized and subsequently investigated for methylene blue (MB) removal under light exposure. The diffraction profiles revealed the successful development of a well-crystallized cubic spinel phase for all the samples, with crystallite sizes decreasing systematically from 64&#xa0;nm (ZF) to 61&#xa0;nm (La@ZF), 57&#xa0;nm (Pr@ZF), and 52&#xa0;nm (La@Pr@ZF) due to dopant-induced lattice distortion. Additionally, UV–Vis studies displayed a reduction in band gap energy from 3.56&#xa0;eV (ZF) to 3.51&#xa0;eV (La@ZF), 3.49&#xa0;eV (Pr@ZF), and 3.48&#xa0;eV (La@Pr@ZF). The FESEM images showed irregular polyhedral morphologies with reduced agglomeration upon co-doping, while EDAX confirmed the successful incorporation of La and Pr without compositional impurities. Finally, the photocatalytic studies demonstrated enhanced MB degradation with the efficiencies of 61.62% (ZF), 66.16% (La@ZF), 73.03% (Pr@ZF), and 76.38% (La@Pr@ZF) within 120&#xa0;min. The kinetic analysis indicated the pseudo-first-order behavior, with apparent rate constants increasing from 3.39 × 10<sup>–3</sup>&#xa0;min<sup>−1</sup> (for ZF) to 5.93 × 10<sup>–3</sup>&#xa0;min<sup>−1</sup> (for La@Pr@ZF). The superior performance of La, Pr co-doped zinc ferrite is attributed to its narrow band gap, defect-assisted carrier transport, and improved interfacial charge-transfer processes, highlighting its potential for wastewater treatment applications.</p>

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Effect of La, Pr co-doping on the structural, optical and photocatalytic performance of zinc ferrite nanoparticles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月25日

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  • N. S. Mohan,
  • V. Vijayalakshmi,
  • G. Gopinath,
  • A. Arulraj,
  • R. V. Mangalaraja,
  • R. Anitha,
  • Badriah M. ALotaibi,
  • Munawar Iqbal

摘要

In this study, the pristine zinc ferrite (ZF), lanthanum (La)-doped ZF (La@ZF), praseodymium (Pr)-doped ZF (Pr@ZF), and La, Pr co-doped ZF (La@Pr@ZF) nanoparticles were synthesized and subsequently investigated for methylene blue (MB) removal under light exposure. The diffraction profiles revealed the successful development of a well-crystallized cubic spinel phase for all the samples, with crystallite sizes decreasing systematically from 64 nm (ZF) to 61 nm (La@ZF), 57 nm (Pr@ZF), and 52 nm (La@Pr@ZF) due to dopant-induced lattice distortion. Additionally, UV–Vis studies displayed a reduction in band gap energy from 3.56 eV (ZF) to 3.51 eV (La@ZF), 3.49 eV (Pr@ZF), and 3.48 eV (La@Pr@ZF). The FESEM images showed irregular polyhedral morphologies with reduced agglomeration upon co-doping, while EDAX confirmed the successful incorporation of La and Pr without compositional impurities. Finally, the photocatalytic studies demonstrated enhanced MB degradation with the efficiencies of 61.62% (ZF), 66.16% (La@ZF), 73.03% (Pr@ZF), and 76.38% (La@Pr@ZF) within 120 min. The kinetic analysis indicated the pseudo-first-order behavior, with apparent rate constants increasing from 3.39 × 10–3 min−1 (for ZF) to 5.93 × 10–3 min−1 (for La@Pr@ZF). The superior performance of La, Pr co-doped zinc ferrite is attributed to its narrow band gap, defect-assisted carrier transport, and improved interfacial charge-transfer processes, highlighting its potential for wastewater treatment applications.