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<p>To address the challenges of organic dye wastewater treatment, we fabricated a dual Z-scheme heterojunction ternary composite designed to enhance charge separation efficiency and broaden the spectral response range for achieving efficient photocatalytic degradation performance. A novel ternary g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/CuO/ZnO heterostructure was successfully fabricated via a facile two-step synthesis involving thermal polycondensation of urea and deposition of CuO/ZnO nanoparticles. The ternary composite exhibited a reduced bandgap, facilitating efficient photoinduced charge carrier generation. The ternary composite exhibited superior visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity toward MB degradation compared to pristine g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> and binary counterparts, achieving ~ 100% removal efficiency within 30&#xa0;min. Kinetic analysis revealed a pseudo-first-order rate constant of 0.0653&#xa0;min<sup>−1</sup>, is 2.21, 4.03- and 2.67-times improvements over pristine CuO, ZnO, and g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, respectively. The ternary composite has a significantly higher removal rate of MB under alkaline conditions compared to acidic conditions, and it shows remarkable degradation effects on RhB, CR, MB, TC and Ofloxacian. Scavenging experiments confirmed superoxide radicals (•O<sub>2</sub>⁻) and photogenerated holes (h<sup>+</sup>) as the dominant active species, followed by hydroxyl radicals (•OH). The photocatalyst displayed excellent stability, retaining ~ 80% activity after five consecutive cycles. Mechanistic studies revealed a dual Z-scheme charge transfer pathway among the three components, promoting effective electron–hole separation, and enhanced redox activity. This synergistic design broadens light absorption, increases active sites, and significantly improves photocatalytic efficiency for practical water remediation applications.</p>

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Fabrication of dual Z-scheme ternary g-C3N4/CuO/ZnO composite for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月27日

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  • Xiao-fang Li,
  • Xiao-qiang Feng,
  • Zhi-feng Li

摘要

To address the challenges of organic dye wastewater treatment, we fabricated a dual Z-scheme heterojunction ternary composite designed to enhance charge separation efficiency and broaden the spectral response range for achieving efficient photocatalytic degradation performance. A novel ternary g-C3N4/CuO/ZnO heterostructure was successfully fabricated via a facile two-step synthesis involving thermal polycondensation of urea and deposition of CuO/ZnO nanoparticles. The ternary composite exhibited a reduced bandgap, facilitating efficient photoinduced charge carrier generation. The ternary composite exhibited superior visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity toward MB degradation compared to pristine g-C3N4 and binary counterparts, achieving ~ 100% removal efficiency within 30 min. Kinetic analysis revealed a pseudo-first-order rate constant of 0.0653 min−1, is 2.21, 4.03- and 2.67-times improvements over pristine CuO, ZnO, and g-C3N4, respectively. The ternary composite has a significantly higher removal rate of MB under alkaline conditions compared to acidic conditions, and it shows remarkable degradation effects on RhB, CR, MB, TC and Ofloxacian. Scavenging experiments confirmed superoxide radicals (•O2⁻) and photogenerated holes (h+) as the dominant active species, followed by hydroxyl radicals (•OH). The photocatalyst displayed excellent stability, retaining ~ 80% activity after five consecutive cycles. Mechanistic studies revealed a dual Z-scheme charge transfer pathway among the three components, promoting effective electron–hole separation, and enhanced redox activity. This synergistic design broadens light absorption, increases active sites, and significantly improves photocatalytic efficiency for practical water remediation applications.