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<p>This study investigates the multifunctional behavior of vinyl ester resin composites reinforced with carbon fiber and nickel oxide (NiO), focusing on mechanical, tribological, dielectric, magnetic, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding properties. Four composite formulations were developed for systematic evaluation as neat vinyl ester (V), carbon fiber-reinforced vinyl ester (VC), and carbon fiber/NiO hybrids with varying NiO content (VCN1 and VCN2). The results revealed that composite VCN1 demonstrated superior structural performance. In contrast, VCN2, containing the highest NiO content, excelled in functional domains, showing the lowest wear rate of 0.018 mm3/Nm, a coefficient of friction of 0.27, and a high dielectric permittivity of 4.01, reflecting enhanced interfacial polarization and charge storage capabilities. Its magnetic performance was also markedly improved, with real permeability reaching 5.13 at 20&#xa0;Hz, indicative of superior magnetic energy storage and responsiveness. Additionally, VCN2 exhibited excellent EMI shielding effectiveness, with absorption shielding efficiency (SE<sub>A</sub>) increasing from 25.5 ± 2.6&#xa0;dB at 8&#xa0;GHz to 27.8 ± 2.8&#xa0;dB at 20&#xa0;GHz and reflection shielding efficiency (SE<sub>R</sub>)values ranging between 14.0 and 14.5 ± 1.4&#xa0;dB, resulting in a total shielding effectiveness of 40.0–41.8 ± 4.0&#xa0;dB.Finally, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis provided further insights into the microstructural origins of these behaviors. Specimen V displayed a resin matrix with voids, highlighting insufficient densification and susceptibility to crack propagation. In VC, fiber pull-out was observed, indicating incomplete fiber–matrix bonding, which can hinder effective load transfer. Collectively, these results suggest that VCN1 is optimally suited for applications requiring high mechanical integrity and structural robustness, whereas VCN2 is more appropriate for environments demanding efficient EMI shielding, high wear resistance, and multifunctional performance.</p>

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Bio-sourced nickel oxide and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites with enhanced mechanical, dielectric, magnetic, and wear properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月26日

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  • S. Mohanasundaram,
  • Dhandapany sendil Kumar,
  • D. R. Srinivasan,
  • Yousef A. Baker El-Ebiary,
  • B. Sachuthananthan,
  • N. Nagabhooshanam,
  • S. Govindarajan,
  • Mylavarapu Anusha

摘要

This study investigates the multifunctional behavior of vinyl ester resin composites reinforced with carbon fiber and nickel oxide (NiO), focusing on mechanical, tribological, dielectric, magnetic, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding properties. Four composite formulations were developed for systematic evaluation as neat vinyl ester (V), carbon fiber-reinforced vinyl ester (VC), and carbon fiber/NiO hybrids with varying NiO content (VCN1 and VCN2). The results revealed that composite VCN1 demonstrated superior structural performance. In contrast, VCN2, containing the highest NiO content, excelled in functional domains, showing the lowest wear rate of 0.018 mm3/Nm, a coefficient of friction of 0.27, and a high dielectric permittivity of 4.01, reflecting enhanced interfacial polarization and charge storage capabilities. Its magnetic performance was also markedly improved, with real permeability reaching 5.13 at 20 Hz, indicative of superior magnetic energy storage and responsiveness. Additionally, VCN2 exhibited excellent EMI shielding effectiveness, with absorption shielding efficiency (SEA) increasing from 25.5 ± 2.6 dB at 8 GHz to 27.8 ± 2.8 dB at 20 GHz and reflection shielding efficiency (SER)values ranging between 14.0 and 14.5 ± 1.4 dB, resulting in a total shielding effectiveness of 40.0–41.8 ± 4.0 dB.Finally, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis provided further insights into the microstructural origins of these behaviors. Specimen V displayed a resin matrix with voids, highlighting insufficient densification and susceptibility to crack propagation. In VC, fiber pull-out was observed, indicating incomplete fiber–matrix bonding, which can hinder effective load transfer. Collectively, these results suggest that VCN1 is optimally suited for applications requiring high mechanical integrity and structural robustness, whereas VCN2 is more appropriate for environments demanding efficient EMI shielding, high wear resistance, and multifunctional performance.