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<p>This study presents a novel electrochemical biosensor for non-invasive sweat glucose monitoring in athletes. The multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)–Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite ink is applied on a modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). XRD, FTIR, FESEM, HRTEM, and SAED examination of the hydrothermally generated nanocomposite verified the homogenous integration of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles on the MWCNT surface and their crystalline structure. Electrochemical investigations using CV, DPV, CA, LSV, and SWV showed a broad linear detection range of 50–250&#xa0;µM, an ultra-low detection limit of 0.008&#xa0;µM, and a high sensitivity of 161.79 μA μM⁻<sup>1</sup>&#xa0;cm⁻<sup>2</sup>. The sensor showed remarkable stability, selectivity, and reproducibility even in scenarios that were comparable to real sweat analysis. The proposed MWCNT–Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite ink offers a rapid, cost-effective, and highly sensitive platform for real-time sweat glucose monitoring in athletes, supporting metabolic health management, performance optimization, and fatigue assessment. This discovery represents a possible step toward flexible, wearable biosensors for use in sports and biomedical applications in the future.</p>

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Electrochemical detection of sweat glucose in athletes using MWCNT–Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite ink-based sensors

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月22日

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  • Kirubha Perumal,
  • Sreeja BS,
  • Radha S

摘要

This study presents a novel electrochemical biosensor for non-invasive sweat glucose monitoring in athletes. The multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)–Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite ink is applied on a modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). XRD, FTIR, FESEM, HRTEM, and SAED examination of the hydrothermally generated nanocomposite verified the homogenous integration of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles on the MWCNT surface and their crystalline structure. Electrochemical investigations using CV, DPV, CA, LSV, and SWV showed a broad linear detection range of 50–250 µM, an ultra-low detection limit of 0.008 µM, and a high sensitivity of 161.79 μA μM⁻1 cm⁻2. The sensor showed remarkable stability, selectivity, and reproducibility even in scenarios that were comparable to real sweat analysis. The proposed MWCNT–Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite ink offers a rapid, cost-effective, and highly sensitive platform for real-time sweat glucose monitoring in athletes, supporting metabolic health management, performance optimization, and fatigue assessment. This discovery represents a possible step toward flexible, wearable biosensors for use in sports and biomedical applications in the future.