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<p>Aliovalent ions doping is particularly effective in tailoring the electrical performance of barium calcium zirconate titanate (BCZT) piezoelectric ceramics. In this study, tungsten (W<sup>6+</sup>) ions were incorporated into BCZT ceramics via B-site substitution within the ABO<sub>3</sub> perovskite lattice. The reaction mechanism of W<sup>6+</sup> ions doping and its influence on the structure, phase, and electrical properties of the BCZT-<i>x</i>W ceramics were systematically investigated. The introduction of W<sup>6+</sup> ions markedly enhances the dielectric and ferroelectric performance. At an optimal doping level of 0.7%, the ceramic exhibits a high relative permittivity (<i>ε</i><sub>r</sub> = 14,867.4) at Curie temperature and pronounced relaxor behaviour (<i>γ</i> = 1.701). Furthermore, moderate doping improves the ferroelectric properties, yielding a high remanent polarisation (<i>P</i><sub>r</sub> = 11.96 μC/cm<sup>2</sup>). However, excessive W<sup>6+</sup> ions content leads to a significant increase in leakage current density and the formation of a BaWO<sub>4</sub> secondary phase, both of which degrade the functional electrical properties. This study may offer a preliminary basis for the development of BCZT-based ceramics that could be suitable for certain advanced ferroelectric components, and might contribute modestly to the optimisation of ferroelectric materials, potentially with some environmental benefits.</p>

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Phase evolution, relaxor behavior, and ferroelectric responses in BCZT lead-free ceramics through aliovalent W6+ ions incorporation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月13日

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  • Yongshang Tian,
  • Mingyang Ma,
  • Chunying Liu,
  • Yashan Li,
  • Lulu Liu,
  • Xiongjie Hu,
  • Jinshuang Wang,
  • Qiangshan Jing

摘要

Aliovalent ions doping is particularly effective in tailoring the electrical performance of barium calcium zirconate titanate (BCZT) piezoelectric ceramics. In this study, tungsten (W6+) ions were incorporated into BCZT ceramics via B-site substitution within the ABO3 perovskite lattice. The reaction mechanism of W6+ ions doping and its influence on the structure, phase, and electrical properties of the BCZT-xW ceramics were systematically investigated. The introduction of W6+ ions markedly enhances the dielectric and ferroelectric performance. At an optimal doping level of 0.7%, the ceramic exhibits a high relative permittivity (εr = 14,867.4) at Curie temperature and pronounced relaxor behaviour (γ = 1.701). Furthermore, moderate doping improves the ferroelectric properties, yielding a high remanent polarisation (Pr = 11.96 μC/cm2). However, excessive W6+ ions content leads to a significant increase in leakage current density and the formation of a BaWO4 secondary phase, both of which degrade the functional electrical properties. This study may offer a preliminary basis for the development of BCZT-based ceramics that could be suitable for certain advanced ferroelectric components, and might contribute modestly to the optimisation of ferroelectric materials, potentially with some environmental benefits.