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<p>The production of graphene often involves a challenging balance between achieving higher output and maintaining material quality, as electrochemical methods typically yield graphene with varying defect densities, oxygen content, layer count, and size. In this work, a distinctive method is introduced for synthesizing defect-free graphene via electrochemical exfoliation in an aqueous medium. Incorporating lemon juice as a green additive significantly reduced the oxygen content, thereby enhancing graphene’s properties. An elevated temperature of 85&#xa0;°C accelerated the reaction, improving efficiency and reducing production time. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of few-layer graphene, and additional analyses, including thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, UV–Visible spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, validated its structural integrity and high quality. Structural and chemical analyses further confirmed the successful formation of graphene. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed a high C/O ratio (~ 10), indicating effective reduction of oxygen functionalities and restoration of <i>sp</i><sup>2</sup> carbon domains. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis showed dominant carbon content (~ 89.76 at.%) with low oxygen concentration (~ 8.97 at.%), confirming the formation of graphene within minimal oxidation. This dual strategy, combining lemon juice and temperature regulation, highlights a rapid and eco-friendly route for scalable graphene production, offering valuable insights for sustainable material synthesis and future applications. The electrochemical performance of graphene sheets was systematically investigated using techniques such as galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry (CV), with 1&#xa0;M H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> as the electrolyte. The CV profiles exhibiting quasi-rectangular shapes, alongside the triangular GCD curves recorded in a three-electrode setup, confirm the dominance of electric double-layer capacitance behavior. The present findings underscore the promising applicability of graphene sheets produced through anodic exfoliation as an efficient component in high-performance symmetric energy storage devices.</p>

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Facile electrochemical exfoliation of graphene for enhanced supercapacitor applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月26日

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  • Pushp Raj Harsh,
  • Ujjwal Prasad,
  • S. R. Kumar,
  • Nandu B. Chaure,
  • Anal K. Jha,
  • K. Prasad

摘要

The production of graphene often involves a challenging balance between achieving higher output and maintaining material quality, as electrochemical methods typically yield graphene with varying defect densities, oxygen content, layer count, and size. In this work, a distinctive method is introduced for synthesizing defect-free graphene via electrochemical exfoliation in an aqueous medium. Incorporating lemon juice as a green additive significantly reduced the oxygen content, thereby enhancing graphene’s properties. An elevated temperature of 85 °C accelerated the reaction, improving efficiency and reducing production time. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of few-layer graphene, and additional analyses, including thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, UV–Visible spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, validated its structural integrity and high quality. Structural and chemical analyses further confirmed the successful formation of graphene. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed a high C/O ratio (~ 10), indicating effective reduction of oxygen functionalities and restoration of sp2 carbon domains. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis showed dominant carbon content (~ 89.76 at.%) with low oxygen concentration (~ 8.97 at.%), confirming the formation of graphene within minimal oxidation. This dual strategy, combining lemon juice and temperature regulation, highlights a rapid and eco-friendly route for scalable graphene production, offering valuable insights for sustainable material synthesis and future applications. The electrochemical performance of graphene sheets was systematically investigated using techniques such as galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry (CV), with 1 M H2SO4 as the electrolyte. The CV profiles exhibiting quasi-rectangular shapes, alongside the triangular GCD curves recorded in a three-electrode setup, confirm the dominance of electric double-layer capacitance behavior. The present findings underscore the promising applicability of graphene sheets produced through anodic exfoliation as an efficient component in high-performance symmetric energy storage devices.