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<p>This study reports the synthesis and multifunctional performance of hierarchical PANI/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/ZnO ternary composites prepared via in situ chemical oxidative polymerization technique. The synergistic integration of polyaniline (PANI), graphitic carbon nitride (g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>), and zinc oxide (ZnO) has been studied for structural, optical, and electrical characteristics, as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL) spectra, field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) analyses, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and X-ray photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The photocatalytic efficiency of the composites was evaluated by measuring the degradation of malachite green (MG) under UV irradiation. The ternary composite achieved 96.5% degradation efficiency within 80&#xa0;min, significantly outperforming pure PANI 58.2%. Radical scavenger experiments identified the dominant reactive species, enabling a detailed discussion of the underlying degradation mechanism. Dielectric studies revealed a lower dielectric constant and higher dielectric loss, indicating strong interfacial polarization effects. Furthermore, Nyquist plot analysis showed a low charge transfer resistance (<i>R</i><sub>ct</sub>) (16.99 kΩ) and a short relaxation time (0.4&#xa0;µs), confirming superior charge-transport behavior. These findings highlight the PANI/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/ZnO composite as a promising bi-functional material with potential applications in environmental remediation and advanced electronic devices.</p>

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Hierarchical PANI/g-C3N4/ZnO ternary systems for high-efficiency photocatalysis and tailored dielectric properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月27日

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  • Abhishek Hiremath,
  • Jayadev Pattar,
  • S. Sarvesh Chandra,
  • H. N. Anil Rao,
  • R. Sreekanth,
  • K. Mahendra,
  • S. R. Manohara

摘要

This study reports the synthesis and multifunctional performance of hierarchical PANI/g-C3N4/ZnO ternary composites prepared via in situ chemical oxidative polymerization technique. The synergistic integration of polyaniline (PANI), graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), and zinc oxide (ZnO) has been studied for structural, optical, and electrical characteristics, as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL) spectra, field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) analyses, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and X-ray photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The photocatalytic efficiency of the composites was evaluated by measuring the degradation of malachite green (MG) under UV irradiation. The ternary composite achieved 96.5% degradation efficiency within 80 min, significantly outperforming pure PANI 58.2%. Radical scavenger experiments identified the dominant reactive species, enabling a detailed discussion of the underlying degradation mechanism. Dielectric studies revealed a lower dielectric constant and higher dielectric loss, indicating strong interfacial polarization effects. Furthermore, Nyquist plot analysis showed a low charge transfer resistance (Rct) (16.99 kΩ) and a short relaxation time (0.4 µs), confirming superior charge-transport behavior. These findings highlight the PANI/g-C3N4/ZnO composite as a promising bi-functional material with potential applications in environmental remediation and advanced electronic devices.