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<p>Flexible and multifunctional ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) photodetectors are highly desirable for next-generation wearable healthcare devices. In this work, we report novel PVC/n-ZnO/p-M<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub> (M = Ni, Cu, Ag) heterojunction composite films designed as broadband photodetectors with additional antibacterial functionality. The ZnO/M<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub> composites were synthesized via a hydrothermal method and embedded within a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) matrix to yield flexible films. Structural, morphological, and optical characterizations (XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, UV–Vis) confirmed high-purity heterojunction formation, good crystallinity, and homogeneous morphology, with broad absorption (200–800 nm) and tunable bandgaps (1.4–3.24 eV) due to the presence of secondary metal oxides (NiO, CuO, Cu<sub>2</sub>O and Ag<sub>2</sub>O) alongside ZnO. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the agar diffusion method, revealing strong inhibition against Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus and Staphylococcus aureus). Photodetection performance was studied via current–voltage (I–V) measurements under dark, UV, and visible light. All devices exhibited rectifying behavior, confirming efficient n–p heterojunction formation. Among the tested devices, the PVC/ZnO/Ag<sub>2</sub>O heterojunction exhibited superior performance, achieving a responsivity of 12.7 µA/W and a detectivity of 3.08 × 10⁸ Jones under UV illumination at 5 V bias. I–t measurement revealed stable and repeatable switching, with rise and decay times of 85 s and 130 s, respectively. The device also demonstrated outstanding long-term reliability, maintaining 97% photocurrent retention after one year of storage, and exhibited consistent performance under varying environmental conditions. An Anderson energy band diagram and a detailed photodetection mechanism for the PVC/ZnO/Ag<sub>2</sub>O heterojunction are proposed to explain the enhanced performance.</p>

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Flexible UV–visible photodetectors based on PVC/n-ZnO/p-MxOy (M = Ni, Cu, Ag) heterojunctions: a comparative study of structural, optical, photoelectric and antibacterial properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月24日

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  • Sara Benzitouni,
  • Atef Chibani,
  • Lowardi Remache,
  • Hassiba Moualkia,
  • Abd Elouahab Noua,
  • Labidi Herissi,
  • Nora Guermit,
  • Redha Aouati

摘要

Flexible and multifunctional ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) photodetectors are highly desirable for next-generation wearable healthcare devices. In this work, we report novel PVC/n-ZnO/p-MxOy (M = Ni, Cu, Ag) heterojunction composite films designed as broadband photodetectors with additional antibacterial functionality. The ZnO/MxOy composites were synthesized via a hydrothermal method and embedded within a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) matrix to yield flexible films. Structural, morphological, and optical characterizations (XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, UV–Vis) confirmed high-purity heterojunction formation, good crystallinity, and homogeneous morphology, with broad absorption (200–800 nm) and tunable bandgaps (1.4–3.24 eV) due to the presence of secondary metal oxides (NiO, CuO, Cu2O and Ag2O) alongside ZnO. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the agar diffusion method, revealing strong inhibition against Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus and Staphylococcus aureus). Photodetection performance was studied via current–voltage (I–V) measurements under dark, UV, and visible light. All devices exhibited rectifying behavior, confirming efficient n–p heterojunction formation. Among the tested devices, the PVC/ZnO/Ag2O heterojunction exhibited superior performance, achieving a responsivity of 12.7 µA/W and a detectivity of 3.08 × 10⁸ Jones under UV illumination at 5 V bias. I–t measurement revealed stable and repeatable switching, with rise and decay times of 85 s and 130 s, respectively. The device also demonstrated outstanding long-term reliability, maintaining 97% photocurrent retention after one year of storage, and exhibited consistent performance under varying environmental conditions. An Anderson energy band diagram and a detailed photodetection mechanism for the PVC/ZnO/Ag2O heterojunction are proposed to explain the enhanced performance.