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<p>Reliable detection of nitroaromatic contaminant such as picric acid (PA) is essential because of its extreme toxicity, stability and strong electron-withdrawing characteristics. In this study, ZnO nanostructures were prepared hydrothermally using three surfactants to tune their crystallinity, morphology and defect landscape. Among them, CTAB-mediated ZnO exhibited superior optical behavior and was chosen as the base host for Tb<sup>3+</sup> incorporation. The Tb<sup>3+</sup> doping generated distinct green emission by introducing efficient rare-earth radiative centers within the ZnO lattice. To further enhance luminescence and facilitate controlled energy transfer, a core–shell ZnO:Tb@ZnO:Eu architecture was developed, wherein the spatial separation of Tb<sup>3+</sup> (core) and Eu<sup>3+</sup> (shell) reduced non-radiative deactivation and strengthened Tb → Eu transfer while preserving ZnO defect-related emissive pathways. Structural and spectroscopic analyses verified the formation of a stable core–shell interface with improved multi-emissive output. The ZnO:Tb@ZnO:Eu system exhibited pronounced photoluminescence quenching in the presence of PA, driven by defect-assisted electron transfer to the analyte. Overall, the combination of surfactant-directed ZnO synthesis, rare-earth doping and core–shell engineering provides a sensitive and robust platform for luminescent detection of nitroaromatic species.</p>

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Surfactant-engineered ZnO:Tb3+ @ZnO:Eu3+ core–shell nanostructures: from controlled growth to high-performance luminescent picric acid sensing

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月8日

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  • Avleen Kour,
  • Richa Singhaal,
  • Nidhi Bhagat,
  • Haq Nawaz Sheikh

摘要

Reliable detection of nitroaromatic contaminant such as picric acid (PA) is essential because of its extreme toxicity, stability and strong electron-withdrawing characteristics. In this study, ZnO nanostructures were prepared hydrothermally using three surfactants to tune their crystallinity, morphology and defect landscape. Among them, CTAB-mediated ZnO exhibited superior optical behavior and was chosen as the base host for Tb3+ incorporation. The Tb3+ doping generated distinct green emission by introducing efficient rare-earth radiative centers within the ZnO lattice. To further enhance luminescence and facilitate controlled energy transfer, a core–shell ZnO:Tb@ZnO:Eu architecture was developed, wherein the spatial separation of Tb3+ (core) and Eu3+ (shell) reduced non-radiative deactivation and strengthened Tb → Eu transfer while preserving ZnO defect-related emissive pathways. Structural and spectroscopic analyses verified the formation of a stable core–shell interface with improved multi-emissive output. The ZnO:Tb@ZnO:Eu system exhibited pronounced photoluminescence quenching in the presence of PA, driven by defect-assisted electron transfer to the analyte. Overall, the combination of surfactant-directed ZnO synthesis, rare-earth doping and core–shell engineering provides a sensitive and robust platform for luminescent detection of nitroaromatic species.