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<p>Developing room-temperature CO<sub>2</sub> sensors with high sensitivity at elevated concentrations remains a significant challenge for SnO<sub>2</sub>-based materials, which often require high operating temperatures or noble-metal activation. In this study, pure SnO<sub>2</sub> (P.Sn), Li-doped SnO<sub>2</sub> (Sn:Li), and Li–Ni codoped SnO<sub>2</sub> (Sn:Li,3Ni) thin films were fabricated on glass substrates via spin coating and systematically characterized to evaluate the structural, chemical, and nanomorphological effects of doping. Li incorporation produced a highly porous surface that facilitated rapid gas adsorption, whereas Li–Ni codoping-induced pronounced nanostructural modifications and increased surface roughness, yielding a larger number of active adsorption sites. As a result, the Sn:Li,3Ni sensor achieved a response of 111.57% at 9990&#xa0;ppm CO<sub>2</sub> under ambient conditions (30 C, 40% RH), which is substantially higher than typical responses reported for SnO<sub>2</sub>-based CO<sub>2</sub> sensors operating at room temperature (generally below 80%) or at elevated temperatures (often below 10% at 100–2000&#xa0;ppm). The sensor also exhibited response and recovery times of 96.65&#xa0;s and 171.25&#xa0;s, respectively, along with excellent stability over 15 cycles and 15&#xa0;days of operation. Additionally, the Sn:Li sensor demonstrated a low detection limit of 0.152&#xa0;ppm, indicating strong detectability at trace CO<sub>2</sub> levels. These results confirm that Li–Ni codoping significantly enhances room-temperature CO<sub>2</sub> sensing performance and provides a low-cost, scalable route for developing high-efficiency gas sensors for indoor air-quality monitoring, environmental surveillance, and industrial safety applications.</p>

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Improved CO2 sensing behavior of SnO2 thin‑film sensors through Li/Ni codoping

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月2日

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  • Sayeda Z. Mohamed,
  • Rana Saad,
  • Adel M. El Sayed,
  • Gomaa Khabiri,
  • Mohamed Shaban,
  • Hemdan S. H. Mohamed

摘要

Developing room-temperature CO2 sensors with high sensitivity at elevated concentrations remains a significant challenge for SnO2-based materials, which often require high operating temperatures or noble-metal activation. In this study, pure SnO2 (P.Sn), Li-doped SnO2 (Sn:Li), and Li–Ni codoped SnO2 (Sn:Li,3Ni) thin films were fabricated on glass substrates via spin coating and systematically characterized to evaluate the structural, chemical, and nanomorphological effects of doping. Li incorporation produced a highly porous surface that facilitated rapid gas adsorption, whereas Li–Ni codoping-induced pronounced nanostructural modifications and increased surface roughness, yielding a larger number of active adsorption sites. As a result, the Sn:Li,3Ni sensor achieved a response of 111.57% at 9990 ppm CO2 under ambient conditions (30 C, 40% RH), which is substantially higher than typical responses reported for SnO2-based CO2 sensors operating at room temperature (generally below 80%) or at elevated temperatures (often below 10% at 100–2000 ppm). The sensor also exhibited response and recovery times of 96.65 s and 171.25 s, respectively, along with excellent stability over 15 cycles and 15 days of operation. Additionally, the Sn:Li sensor demonstrated a low detection limit of 0.152 ppm, indicating strong detectability at trace CO2 levels. These results confirm that Li–Ni codoping significantly enhances room-temperature CO2 sensing performance and provides a low-cost, scalable route for developing high-efficiency gas sensors for indoor air-quality monitoring, environmental surveillance, and industrial safety applications.