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<p>This study explores the impact of annealing temperature on the photocatalytic efficiency of Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles synthesized via hydrothermal and calcination methods. The nanoparticles were comprehensively characterized for their structural, morphological, compositional, and optical properties. XRD and TG–DTA confirmed the formation of a well-crystalline cubic spinel Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> phase, while variations in annealing temperature significantly influenced crystallinity, particle size, surface morphology, and band gap energy. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis further revealed that Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles annealed at 600&#xa0;°C possessed a higher surface area and mesoporous structure, providing more active sites for photocatalytic reactions. Photocatalytic studies using methylene blue dye demonstrated that Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-500 achieved 80% degradation, whereas Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>- 600 reached 95% under visible-light irradiation. The enhanced activity at higher annealing temperatures is attributed to improved crystallinity, optimized surface area, and favorable charge-transfer dynamics. These findings establish a strong correlation between annealing conditions and photocatalytic performance. The novelty of this work lies in elucidating how annealing-induced structural, optical, and surface modifications synergistically enhance dye degradation efficiency, offering valuable insights for the design of high-performance nanomaterial-based photocatalysts for environmental remediation.</p>

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Influence of annealing temperature on the structural, optical and photocatalytic properties of hydrothermally synthesized Co3O4 nanoparticles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月16日

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  • N. Angamuthu,
  • S. Packiaraj,
  • L. Kousalya,
  • S. Poornima,
  • A. Pushpaveni

摘要

This study explores the impact of annealing temperature on the photocatalytic efficiency of Co3O4 nanoparticles synthesized via hydrothermal and calcination methods. The nanoparticles were comprehensively characterized for their structural, morphological, compositional, and optical properties. XRD and TG–DTA confirmed the formation of a well-crystalline cubic spinel Co3O4 phase, while variations in annealing temperature significantly influenced crystallinity, particle size, surface morphology, and band gap energy. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis further revealed that Co3O4 nanoparticles annealed at 600 °C possessed a higher surface area and mesoporous structure, providing more active sites for photocatalytic reactions. Photocatalytic studies using methylene blue dye demonstrated that Co3O4-500 achieved 80% degradation, whereas Co3O4- 600 reached 95% under visible-light irradiation. The enhanced activity at higher annealing temperatures is attributed to improved crystallinity, optimized surface area, and favorable charge-transfer dynamics. These findings establish a strong correlation between annealing conditions and photocatalytic performance. The novelty of this work lies in elucidating how annealing-induced structural, optical, and surface modifications synergistically enhance dye degradation efficiency, offering valuable insights for the design of high-performance nanomaterial-based photocatalysts for environmental remediation.