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<p>ZnO nanoparticles co-doped with Mn and Cu at varying concentrations (Zn<sub>0.99−<i>x</i></sub>Cu<sub>0.01</sub>Mn<sub><i>x</i></sub>O, where <i>x</i> = 0.0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, and 0.1) were successfully synthesized using the sol–gel method. The defect structures introduced through this synthesis technique were examined via photoluminescence (PL) and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Additionally, the Williamson–Hall (W–H) method was used to determine the stress, strain, and crystallite size parameters that influence these defects, and the results were compared with estimates from the Debye–Scherrer equation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of a single-phase hexagonal wurtzite structure with no evidence of secondary phases. Grain sizes corresponding to different doping levels were characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The PL spectra revealed ultraviolet emission along with broad visible bands spanning the violet, blue, and red regions, indicative of excitonic and defect-related transitions. These optical emissions were strongly dependent on the dopant type, concentration, and synthesis parameters. ESR analysis of the samples with varying dopant content was conducted to evaluate the g-factor and to extract peak-to-peak linewidths <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((\Delta Bpp)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>B</mi> <mi>p</mi> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> from the ESR spectra. Ferromagnetism was detected in the Mn/Cu co-doped ZnO nanoparticles at room temperature.</p>

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Defect engineering and electron spin resonance studies of Mn/Cu co-doped ZnO nanoparticles

  • 期刊论文

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月19日

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  • L. Arda

摘要

ZnO nanoparticles co-doped with Mn and Cu at varying concentrations (Zn0.99−xCu0.01MnxO, where x = 0.0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, and 0.1) were successfully synthesized using the sol–gel method. The defect structures introduced through this synthesis technique were examined via photoluminescence (PL) and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Additionally, the Williamson–Hall (W–H) method was used to determine the stress, strain, and crystallite size parameters that influence these defects, and the results were compared with estimates from the Debye–Scherrer equation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of a single-phase hexagonal wurtzite structure with no evidence of secondary phases. Grain sizes corresponding to different doping levels were characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The PL spectra revealed ultraviolet emission along with broad visible bands spanning the violet, blue, and red regions, indicative of excitonic and defect-related transitions. These optical emissions were strongly dependent on the dopant type, concentration, and synthesis parameters. ESR analysis of the samples with varying dopant content was conducted to evaluate the g-factor and to extract peak-to-peak linewidths \((\Delta Bpp)\) ( Δ B p p ) from the ESR spectra. Ferromagnetism was detected in the Mn/Cu co-doped ZnO nanoparticles at room temperature.