<p>Single crystals of Cinnarizinium Fumarate were successfully grown by the slow-evaporation solution growth technique. X-ray diffraction analyses, on single and powder crystals, confirmed that grown samples are phase pure and well-ordered single crystals. The cation of cinnarizine and anion of fumarate form compound (a proton-transfer-driven interaction) as revealed by FT-IR spectroscopy. The intermolecular packing aims at revealing the crucial participation of short N–H···O and auxiliary C–H···O hydrogen bonds in the stabilization of the lattice and subsequent efficient charge–transfer pathways. Optical measurements showed a cut-off at 260 nm and a direct band gap of around 3.8 eV with a high laser-damage threshold indicating low linear loss and resistance to high-level irradiation. Thermal analysis places the onset of decomposition well above the melting point (~ 195 °C), while dielectric and microhardness studies reveal low high‑frequency loss and a mechanically soft. Z-scan analysis at 632.8 nm revealed self-defocusing nonlinear refraction with <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">${n}_{2}=-2.8\times {10}^{-12}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mn>2.8</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> cm<sup>2</sup>/W and reverse saturable absorption with <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\beta =4.5\times {10}^{-5}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>β</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4.5</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> cm/W, leading to a third‑order susceptibility <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$|{\chi }^{(3)}|=3.8\times {10}^{-6}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi>χ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3.8</mn> <mo>×</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> esu.</p>

Cinnarizinium Fumarate single crystal: growth, physicochemical properties and third‑order nonlinear optical performance

期刊论文
发表日期：

2026年4月10日

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T. Bharanidharan,
A. Senthil,
M. Vennila

摘要

Single crystals of Cinnarizinium Fumarate were successfully grown by the slow-evaporation solution growth technique. X-ray diffraction analyses, on single and powder crystals, confirmed that grown samples are phase pure and well-ordered single crystals. The cation of cinnarizine and anion of fumarate form compound (a proton-transfer-driven interaction) as revealed by FT-IR spectroscopy. The intermolecular packing aims at revealing the crucial participation of short N–H···O and auxiliary C–H···O hydrogen bonds in the stabilization of the lattice and subsequent efficient charge–transfer pathways. Optical measurements showed a cut-off at 260 nm and a direct band gap of around 3.8 eV with a high laser-damage threshold indicating low linear loss and resistance to high-level irradiation. Thermal analysis places the onset of decomposition well above the melting point (~ 195 °C), while dielectric and microhardness studies reveal low high‑frequency loss and a mechanically soft. Z-scan analysis at 632.8 nm revealed self-defocusing nonlinear refraction with ${n}_{2}=-2.8\times {10}^{-12}$ $n_{2} = - 2.8 \times 10^{- 12}$ cm²/W and reverse saturable absorption with $\beta =4.5\times {10}^{-5}$ $β = 4.5 \times 10^{- 5}$ cm/W, leading to a third‑order susceptibility $|{\chi }^{(3)}|=3.8\times {10}^{-6}$ $| χ^{(3)} | = 3.8 \times 10^{- 6}$ esu.