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<p>By enabling clean hydrogen synthesis and pollutant mitigation using solar energy, photocatalysis has emerged as a potential and sustainable solution to address the global energy crisis and environmental concerns. Citric acid was used as the organic fuel in a gel-assisted solution combustion approach to create 5&#xa0;mol% Ga-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles, which produced porous nanostructures with improved photocatalytic and sensing capabilities. To improve charge separation and visible-light consumption while preserving the anatase phase stability of TiO<sub>2</sub>, an optimal Ga dopant concentration of 5&#xa0;mol% was chosen. With the introduction of oxygen vacancies and lattice distortions without the formation of secondary phases, PXRD verified the effective incorporation of Ga<sup>3+</sup> into the TiO<sub>2</sub> lattice. By optimising the electronic band structure, these structural changes made it possible for improved photocatalytic and sensing capabilities. Due to enhanced charge separation and reduced recombination, the photocatalyst outperformed pristine TiO<sub>2</sub> in solar-driven water-splitting activity, generating approximately 2.7&#xa0;mL H<sub>2</sub> and 220&#xa0;µmol O<sub>2</sub> in 10&#xa0;h. Furthermore, Ga-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> demonstrated outstanding room-temperature ammonia sensing capabilities, including linear sensitivity (10–100&#xa0;ppm), long-term stability over 12&#xa0;days, quick response (28–55&#xa0;s), and recovery (40–94&#xa0;s). High humidity reduced performance, but the material’s resilience and reversibility were maintained. Improved charge separation, Ga<sup>3+</sup> incorporation, and oxygen vacancy generation were confirmed by EIS, XPS, and EPR; UV–Vis and Tauc plot analyses showed increased visible-light absorption and decreased band gap in 5&#xa0;mol% Ga-doped TiO<sub>2</sub>. TEM revealed porous nanocrystals, which enable room-temperature ammonia detection and excellent photocatalytic water splitting. These results demonstrate that Ga-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> is a versatile nanomaterial with great promise for applications involving dependable environmental monitoring and sustainable energy production.</p>

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SDG-driven Ga-doped TiO2 nanomaterials via gel-assisted solution combustion: sustainable water splitting and environmental ammonia sensing

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月5日

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  • P. Vivek

摘要

By enabling clean hydrogen synthesis and pollutant mitigation using solar energy, photocatalysis has emerged as a potential and sustainable solution to address the global energy crisis and environmental concerns. Citric acid was used as the organic fuel in a gel-assisted solution combustion approach to create 5 mol% Ga-doped TiO2 nanoparticles, which produced porous nanostructures with improved photocatalytic and sensing capabilities. To improve charge separation and visible-light consumption while preserving the anatase phase stability of TiO2, an optimal Ga dopant concentration of 5 mol% was chosen. With the introduction of oxygen vacancies and lattice distortions without the formation of secondary phases, PXRD verified the effective incorporation of Ga3+ into the TiO2 lattice. By optimising the electronic band structure, these structural changes made it possible for improved photocatalytic and sensing capabilities. Due to enhanced charge separation and reduced recombination, the photocatalyst outperformed pristine TiO2 in solar-driven water-splitting activity, generating approximately 2.7 mL H2 and 220 µmol O2 in 10 h. Furthermore, Ga-doped TiO2 demonstrated outstanding room-temperature ammonia sensing capabilities, including linear sensitivity (10–100 ppm), long-term stability over 12 days, quick response (28–55 s), and recovery (40–94 s). High humidity reduced performance, but the material’s resilience and reversibility were maintained. Improved charge separation, Ga3+ incorporation, and oxygen vacancy generation were confirmed by EIS, XPS, and EPR; UV–Vis and Tauc plot analyses showed increased visible-light absorption and decreased band gap in 5 mol% Ga-doped TiO2. TEM revealed porous nanocrystals, which enable room-temperature ammonia detection and excellent photocatalytic water splitting. These results demonstrate that Ga-doped TiO2 is a versatile nanomaterial with great promise for applications involving dependable environmental monitoring and sustainable energy production.