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<p>Copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were synthesized via wet chemical aqueous precipitation and doped with lead (3%, 6%, and 9% w/w) using an impregnation-doping process. Structural analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed a monoclinic structure, with increasing crystal size at higher lead concentrations. Morphological studies with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed increased surface roughness with doping. Optical properties, including band gap energy, were investigated, revealing a decrease with higher impurity levels. Optical constants such as extinction coefficient, refractive index, dielectric constant, and effective mass were calculated, demonstrating dependency on doping levels. Nonlinear optical properties, including the nonlinear refractive index and third-order susceptibility, were also determined, with peak values observed at 6% doping. These findings highlight the significant impact of lead doping on the structural, morphological, optical, and nonlinear properties of CuO nanoparticles.</p>

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Structural, morphological, and optical properties of Pb-doped CuO nanoparticles for optoelectronic applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月30日

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  • Haneen Abass Alrubaie,
  • R. K. Fakher Alfahed,
  • Raneen Salam,
  • Hussain A. Badran

摘要

Copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were synthesized via wet chemical aqueous precipitation and doped with lead (3%, 6%, and 9% w/w) using an impregnation-doping process. Structural analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed a monoclinic structure, with increasing crystal size at higher lead concentrations. Morphological studies with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed increased surface roughness with doping. Optical properties, including band gap energy, were investigated, revealing a decrease with higher impurity levels. Optical constants such as extinction coefficient, refractive index, dielectric constant, and effective mass were calculated, demonstrating dependency on doping levels. Nonlinear optical properties, including the nonlinear refractive index and third-order susceptibility, were also determined, with peak values observed at 6% doping. These findings highlight the significant impact of lead doping on the structural, morphological, optical, and nonlinear properties of CuO nanoparticles.