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<p>Conductive hydrogels, with their excellent flexibility and conductivity, are highly promising for flexible strain-sensing devices. However, conventional conductive hydrogels suffer from low mechanical strength, freezing in cold environments, and poor adhesion. The PAA/EG/TA@MWCNT antifreeze conductive hydrogel was synthesized via free radical polymerization, which involved incorporating ethylene glycol (EG) for anti-freezing performance and embedding tannic acid (TA)-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) within the poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) network. The PAA/EG/TA@MWCNT (0.6 wt%) hydrogel exhibits good anti-freezing and conductive properties, maintaining a conductivity of 1.47 S/m even after being frozen at − 24 ℃ for 24&#xa0;h. In addition, this hydrogel demonstrates good mechanical properties, adhesion, self-healing, moisture retention, and anti-swelling capacity. Integrating a broad detection range, high sensitivity (GF = 5.865 at 400%–500% strain), fast response, and negligible hysteresis, the PAA/EG/TA@MWCNT (0.6 wt%) hydrogel-based strain sensor shows high performance. At both 25&#xa0;°C and − 24&#xa0;°C, the sensor can accurately monitor human joint movements and subtle motions (such as frowning and swallowing). Additionally, it enables information encryption and transmission. The freezing-tolerant conductive hydrogel, composed of PAA/EG/TA@MWCNT(0.6 wt%), has potential applications in the fields of flexible strain sensors and information encryption and transmission.</p>

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Anti-freezing conductive PAA hydrogel based on tannic acid-modified MWCNT for flexible strain sensors

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月28日

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  • Kai Wang,
  • Mingjie Li,
  • Jiankang Hu,
  • Yang Cheng,
  • Yi Kong,
  • Anxin Li

摘要

Conductive hydrogels, with their excellent flexibility and conductivity, are highly promising for flexible strain-sensing devices. However, conventional conductive hydrogels suffer from low mechanical strength, freezing in cold environments, and poor adhesion. The PAA/EG/TA@MWCNT antifreeze conductive hydrogel was synthesized via free radical polymerization, which involved incorporating ethylene glycol (EG) for anti-freezing performance and embedding tannic acid (TA)-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) within the poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) network. The PAA/EG/TA@MWCNT (0.6 wt%) hydrogel exhibits good anti-freezing and conductive properties, maintaining a conductivity of 1.47 S/m even after being frozen at − 24 ℃ for 24 h. In addition, this hydrogel demonstrates good mechanical properties, adhesion, self-healing, moisture retention, and anti-swelling capacity. Integrating a broad detection range, high sensitivity (GF = 5.865 at 400%–500% strain), fast response, and negligible hysteresis, the PAA/EG/TA@MWCNT (0.6 wt%) hydrogel-based strain sensor shows high performance. At both 25 °C and − 24 °C, the sensor can accurately monitor human joint movements and subtle motions (such as frowning and swallowing). Additionally, it enables information encryption and transmission. The freezing-tolerant conductive hydrogel, composed of PAA/EG/TA@MWCNT(0.6 wt%), has potential applications in the fields of flexible strain sensors and information encryption and transmission.