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<p>Nebulizer spray pyrolysis (NSP) technique was used to deposit <i>W</i><sub><i>1-x</i></sub><i>Nb</i><sub><i>x</i></sub><i>O₃</i> thin films (<i>x</i> = <i>0, 1, 2, 3 wt.%)</i>, and their ammonia gas sensing, along with opto-structural and luminescence properties, were investigated. The crystallinity, morphology, and optical characteristics of pure and Nb-doped WO<sub>3</sub> thin films were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), ultraviolet–visible-near infrared (UV–Vis–NIR) spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). The XRD analysis shows that the 2% Nb-doped WO<sub>3</sub> thin film has a preferred crystallite size and a relatively low lattice strain value. It also confirms the polycrystalline nature of the pure and Nb-doped WO<sub>3</sub> thin films with hexagonal crystal structure. The films' micropores were observed by the SEM analysis, which also reveals that the porosity of thin films increases proportionally with an increase in Nb doping concentration. The 2% Nb-doped WO<sub>3</sub> has a broad absorption along the visible and infrared range, according to the UV–Vis-NIR. For a 2% Nb-doped WO<sub>3</sub> thin film, a relative decrease in the optical band gap value of 3.73&#xa0;eV indicates an increase in the concentration of free carrier electrons. Moreover, a maximum gas response of 585 for the 2% Nb-doped WO<sub>3</sub> thin film is observed. The doped WO<sub>3</sub> film sensor demonstrated fast response and recovery times of 3.7 and 6.1&#xa0;s, respectively, while exposed to 250&#xa0;ppm of NH<sub>3</sub> gas at 2% Nb.</p>

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Spray pyrolysis fabrication of advanced W1-xNbxO₃ thin films-based sensor for ammonia gas detection at room temperature

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月30日

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  • Mohd. Shkir,
  • Mohd Taukeer Khan,
  • Mohanraj Kumar,
  • Shivaraj Maidur,
  • V. Vadhana Sharon,
  • Thamraa Alshahrani

摘要

Nebulizer spray pyrolysis (NSP) technique was used to deposit W1-xNbxO₃ thin films (x = 0, 1, 2, 3 wt.%), and their ammonia gas sensing, along with opto-structural and luminescence properties, were investigated. The crystallinity, morphology, and optical characteristics of pure and Nb-doped WO3 thin films were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), ultraviolet–visible-near infrared (UV–Vis–NIR) spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). The XRD analysis shows that the 2% Nb-doped WO3 thin film has a preferred crystallite size and a relatively low lattice strain value. It also confirms the polycrystalline nature of the pure and Nb-doped WO3 thin films with hexagonal crystal structure. The films' micropores were observed by the SEM analysis, which also reveals that the porosity of thin films increases proportionally with an increase in Nb doping concentration. The 2% Nb-doped WO3 has a broad absorption along the visible and infrared range, according to the UV–Vis-NIR. For a 2% Nb-doped WO3 thin film, a relative decrease in the optical band gap value of 3.73 eV indicates an increase in the concentration of free carrier electrons. Moreover, a maximum gas response of 585 for the 2% Nb-doped WO3 thin film is observed. The doped WO3 film sensor demonstrated fast response and recovery times of 3.7 and 6.1 s, respectively, while exposed to 250 ppm of NH3 gas at 2% Nb.