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<p>Developing mechanically robust, highly conductive electrolytes remains challenging for flexible ZABs. In this study, a bioinspired alkaline gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) with a dual-network architecture was developed by integrating arabinoxylan-rich mucilage extracted from <i>Plantago ovata</i> husk with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). A dual-network GPE formed by covalent polysaccharide cross-linking and freeze-thawed PVA showed optimal performance at 20 wt% PVA, delivering high electrolyte uptake and retention (~ 90% over 32&#xa0;days), low resistivity, short relaxation time, and high ionic conductivity (~ 0.0079 Scm<sup>−1</sup>). Rheological analysis showed a 20% increase in shear stress and 32% higher viscosity, while dielectric, modulus, and structural and morphological studies (Raman, XRD, and SEM-EDX) confirmed enhanced polarization, faster relaxation, stronger hydrogen bonding, and uniform morphology. A flexible primary ZAB fabricated with the optimized GPE delivered an open-circuit voltage of ~ 1.4&#xa0;V, stable discharge for ~ 2.8&#xa0;h, a peak power density of 48.2 mWcm<sup>−2</sup>, a specific capacity of 570.4 mAhg<sup>−1</sup>, and an energy density of 173 Whkg<sup>−1</sup>, while retaining over 95% of its operating voltage under bending at 45°, 90°, and 135°. Despite moderate reductions in peak power density (~ 5.5%) and specific capacity (~ 22.6%), the developed ZAB exhibits markedly enhanced mechanical flexibility and operational durability, and demonstrates a biodegradation efficiency exceeding 96% within 67&#xa0;days. Furthermore, the greenness assessment substantiates its strong environmental compatibility, thereby confirming the suitability of the proposed ZAB for sustainable and wearable energy-storage applications.</p>

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A green strategy for biodegradable and flexible zinc-air batteries using Plantago ovata-derived double cross-linked gel polymer electrolytes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月12日

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  • Gajal Singla,
  • Milan Kumar Bera,
  • Monika,
  • Sasanka Chakrabarti

摘要

Developing mechanically robust, highly conductive electrolytes remains challenging for flexible ZABs. In this study, a bioinspired alkaline gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) with a dual-network architecture was developed by integrating arabinoxylan-rich mucilage extracted from Plantago ovata husk with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). A dual-network GPE formed by covalent polysaccharide cross-linking and freeze-thawed PVA showed optimal performance at 20 wt% PVA, delivering high electrolyte uptake and retention (~ 90% over 32 days), low resistivity, short relaxation time, and high ionic conductivity (~ 0.0079 Scm−1). Rheological analysis showed a 20% increase in shear stress and 32% higher viscosity, while dielectric, modulus, and structural and morphological studies (Raman, XRD, and SEM-EDX) confirmed enhanced polarization, faster relaxation, stronger hydrogen bonding, and uniform morphology. A flexible primary ZAB fabricated with the optimized GPE delivered an open-circuit voltage of ~ 1.4 V, stable discharge for ~ 2.8 h, a peak power density of 48.2 mWcm−2, a specific capacity of 570.4 mAhg−1, and an energy density of 173 Whkg−1, while retaining over 95% of its operating voltage under bending at 45°, 90°, and 135°. Despite moderate reductions in peak power density (~ 5.5%) and specific capacity (~ 22.6%), the developed ZAB exhibits markedly enhanced mechanical flexibility and operational durability, and demonstrates a biodegradation efficiency exceeding 96% within 67 days. Furthermore, the greenness assessment substantiates its strong environmental compatibility, thereby confirming the suitability of the proposed ZAB for sustainable and wearable energy-storage applications.