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<p>This study investigates the effect of partial tellurium (Te) substitution on the structural, electrical, and dielectric properties of Bi-based high-temperature superconductors, Bi₂₋ₓTeₓBa₂Ca₂Cu₃O₁₀ + δ, with varying Te concentrations (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4). The solid-state reaction method is employed to explore how Te substitution influences the crystal structure and superconducting characteristics. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals that increasing Te content results in a gradual expansion of the lattice constants, with the <i>a</i> and <i>b</i> constants increasing from 4.120&#xa0;Å (x = 0) to 4.216&#xa0;Å (x = 0.3), and the <i>c</i> lattice constant initially increasing to 8.20&#xa0;Å at x = 0.3 before slightly decreasing at x = 0.4. This expansion leads to an increase in the unit cell volume, from 134.94 Å<sup>3</sup> at x = 0 to 145.75 Å<sup>3</sup> at x = 0.3. Additionally, the Bi-2223 phase fraction increases to 75.5% at x = 0.3, enhancing the material’s superconducting properties. Electrical measurements demonstrate that Te substitution significantly increases both the first (Tc1) and second (Tc2) critical temperatures, with Tc1 increasing from 128&#xa0;K at x = 0 to 137&#xa0;K at x = 0.3, and Tc2 rising from 134.3 to 142.6&#xa0;K. However, at x = 0.4, both Tc values slightly decrease, suggesting that excessive Te content can disrupt the superconducting transition. Dielectric measurements show an improvement in the material’s energy storage and dissipation properties, with optimal performance observed at x = 0.3, where the real dielectric constant is maximized and energy loss is minimized. These findings indicate that partial Te substitution effectively optimizes both superconducting and dielectric properties, demonstrating potential for applications in high-temperature superconductors.</p>

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Unlocking higher critical temperatures in Bi-2223: the definitive role of partial tellurium substitution

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月4日

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  • Ibrahim A. Ghulam,
  • Mahmood A. Hamood

摘要

This study investigates the effect of partial tellurium (Te) substitution on the structural, electrical, and dielectric properties of Bi-based high-temperature superconductors, Bi₂₋ₓTeₓBa₂Ca₂Cu₃O₁₀ + δ, with varying Te concentrations (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4). The solid-state reaction method is employed to explore how Te substitution influences the crystal structure and superconducting characteristics. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals that increasing Te content results in a gradual expansion of the lattice constants, with the a and b constants increasing from 4.120 Å (x = 0) to 4.216 Å (x = 0.3), and the c lattice constant initially increasing to 8.20 Å at x = 0.3 before slightly decreasing at x = 0.4. This expansion leads to an increase in the unit cell volume, from 134.94 Å3 at x = 0 to 145.75 Å3 at x = 0.3. Additionally, the Bi-2223 phase fraction increases to 75.5% at x = 0.3, enhancing the material’s superconducting properties. Electrical measurements demonstrate that Te substitution significantly increases both the first (Tc1) and second (Tc2) critical temperatures, with Tc1 increasing from 128 K at x = 0 to 137 K at x = 0.3, and Tc2 rising from 134.3 to 142.6 K. However, at x = 0.4, both Tc values slightly decrease, suggesting that excessive Te content can disrupt the superconducting transition. Dielectric measurements show an improvement in the material’s energy storage and dissipation properties, with optimal performance observed at x = 0.3, where the real dielectric constant is maximized and energy loss is minimized. These findings indicate that partial Te substitution effectively optimizes both superconducting and dielectric properties, demonstrating potential for applications in high-temperature superconductors.