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<p>The current study examines the linear and nonlinear optical parameters of <i>2Al</i><sub><i>2</i></sub><i>O</i><sub><i>3</i></sub><i> –64 PbO – (34-x)Bi</i><sub><i>2</i></sub><i>O</i><sub><i>3</i></sub><i>–xCdO</i> glassy thin films. Based on the lower envelope of the measured film transmittance, the complex refractive index and film thickness were accurately investigated. The findings show that a systematic decrease in the refractive index is accompanied by a progressive widening of the optical band gap as the CdO content increases. The other optical indicators, viz., reflection loss, plasma frequency, electronic polarizability, relaxation time, optical mobility, and resistivity, have been considered. Quantification of nonlinear optical parameters, viz., nonlinear absorption coefficient (χ<sub>a</sub>), third-order susceptibility (χ<sup>(3)</sup>), and nonlinear refractive index (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({n}_{2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), revealed a declining trend with increasing CdO contents due to decreased density and polarizability. The resulting wide band gap and high refractive index of the films show promise for use in nonlinear photonic applications, photovoltaic devices, smart windows, transparent conductors, and UV protection coatings.</p>

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High refractive indices and nonlinear optical properties of thin films based on heavy metal oxides for electronic applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月8日

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  • Y. B. Saddeek,
  • K. A. Aly,
  • M. Alhabradi,
  • Asmaa Al‑Rasheedi

摘要

The current study examines the linear and nonlinear optical parameters of 2Al2O3 –64 PbO – (34-x)Bi2O3–xCdO glassy thin films. Based on the lower envelope of the measured film transmittance, the complex refractive index and film thickness were accurately investigated. The findings show that a systematic decrease in the refractive index is accompanied by a progressive widening of the optical band gap as the CdO content increases. The other optical indicators, viz., reflection loss, plasma frequency, electronic polarizability, relaxation time, optical mobility, and resistivity, have been considered. Quantification of nonlinear optical parameters, viz., nonlinear absorption coefficient (χa), third-order susceptibility (χ(3)), and nonlinear refractive index ( \({n}_{2}\) n 2 ), revealed a declining trend with increasing CdO contents due to decreased density and polarizability. The resulting wide band gap and high refractive index of the films show promise for use in nonlinear photonic applications, photovoltaic devices, smart windows, transparent conductors, and UV protection coatings.