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<p>In this study, the effect of palladium (II) chloride (PdCl<sub>2</sub>) addition on the structural, microstructural, and superconducting properties of Bi<sub>1.6</sub>Pb<sub>0.4</sub>Sr<sub>2</sub>CaCu<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub> (Bi-2212) was investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed Bi-2212 as the dominant phase in all samples. The incorporation of PdCl<sub>2</sub> led to a reduction in both lattice parameters and unit cell volume. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed platy grains in PdCl<sub>2</sub>-added samples compared to the pure one. Both the onset transition temperature (<i>T</i><sub>c onset</sub>) and magnetic susceptibility transition temperature (<i>T</i><sub>cχ′</sub>) improved with PdCl<sub>2</sub> addition. The 0.4 wt% PdCl<sub>2</sub>-added sample exhibited the highest <i>T</i><sub>c onset</sub> of 96 K and a zero-resistance transition temperature (<i>T</i><sub>c zero</sub>) of 77 K. AC susceptibility measurements showed that samples with <i>x</i> = 1.0 and 1.5 wt% PdCl<sub>2</sub> exhibited the highest <i>T</i><sub>cχ′</sub> of 86 K. The 0.4 wt% PdCl<sub>2</sub>-added sample also showed the highest intergrain loss peak temperature (<i>T</i><sub>p2</sub>), indicating enhanced flux pinning strength. PdCl<sub>2</sub> addition influenced crystallite size, which contributed to the improved superconducting performance of Bi-2212 phase. These results demonstrated that the decreased crystallite size due to the PdCl<sub>2</sub> addition may have induced defects that serve as effective flux pinning center of Bi-2212 superconductor.</p>

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Structural, electrical transport and magnetic properties of palladium (II) chloride added Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2CaCu2O8 superconductor

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月20日

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  • M. A. Salma,
  • A. B. P. Ilhamsyah,
  • R. Abd-Shukor,
  • N. Mohd Hapipi,
  • M. M. Awang Kechik,
  • K. P. Lim,
  • R. Che Hak,
  • H. Baqiah,
  • S. K. Chen

摘要

In this study, the effect of palladium (II) chloride (PdCl2) addition on the structural, microstructural, and superconducting properties of Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2CaCu2O8 (Bi-2212) was investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed Bi-2212 as the dominant phase in all samples. The incorporation of PdCl2 led to a reduction in both lattice parameters and unit cell volume. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed platy grains in PdCl2-added samples compared to the pure one. Both the onset transition temperature (Tc onset) and magnetic susceptibility transition temperature (Tcχ′) improved with PdCl2 addition. The 0.4 wt% PdCl2-added sample exhibited the highest Tc onset of 96 K and a zero-resistance transition temperature (Tc zero) of 77 K. AC susceptibility measurements showed that samples with x = 1.0 and 1.5 wt% PdCl2 exhibited the highest Tcχ′ of 86 K. The 0.4 wt% PdCl2-added sample also showed the highest intergrain loss peak temperature (Tp2), indicating enhanced flux pinning strength. PdCl2 addition influenced crystallite size, which contributed to the improved superconducting performance of Bi-2212 phase. These results demonstrated that the decreased crystallite size due to the PdCl2 addition may have induced defects that serve as effective flux pinning center of Bi-2212 superconductor.