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<p>Self-powered photodetectors (SPDs) are a fast-growing type of optoelectronic device that can generate photocurrent without needing an external power source, making them energy-efficient across ultraviolet (UV), visible, and near-infrared (NIR) light ranges. This review gives a clear and detailed look at SPDs, focusing on their designs, how they work, and the latest materials being used. These devices operate based on key principles such as the photovoltaic effect in p–n, p–i–n and heterojunctions, Schottky junctions, and designs with asymmetric electrodes, as well as through photoelectrochemical processes. They also make use of special effects like ferroelectric, pyroelectric, pyro-phototronic, photothermoelectric, and piezo-phototronic mechanisms.To improve their performance, researchers use materials like wide-bandgap semiconductors, organic–inorganic hybrids, low-dimensional materials, and perovskites. These materials help separate charge carriers better, reduce energy losses, and broaden the range of light the detectors can sense. Perovskite-based SPDs are particularly promising because they have adjustable bandgaps, long carrier diffusion lengths, and can be made using simple solution processes. This leads to devices that are highly sensitive, respond very quickly, work well across a wide range of light intensities, have low background current, and are stable over time. Recent breakthroughs include using trilayer heterojunctions, precise control of material dimensions, careful interface engineering, and the addition of plasmonic or nanostructured components. These advances have pushed detection capabilities to above 10<sup>14</sup> Jones, response times below a millisecond, and broadband detection. Overall, the review highlights how choosing the right materials, optimizing interfaces, and combining multiple functional effects are key to developing the next generation of SPDs. These devices are expected to play an important role in wearable electronics, environmental sensors, imaging technologies, and other low-power optoelectronic applications.</p>

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Structural design and operating principles of self-powered photodetectors

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月10日

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  • Nishant Tripathi,
  • Prachi Sharma,
  • Irina Kozlova,
  • Vladimir Pavelyev,
  • Vladimir Platonov,
  • Prabhash Mishra

摘要

Self-powered photodetectors (SPDs) are a fast-growing type of optoelectronic device that can generate photocurrent without needing an external power source, making them energy-efficient across ultraviolet (UV), visible, and near-infrared (NIR) light ranges. This review gives a clear and detailed look at SPDs, focusing on their designs, how they work, and the latest materials being used. These devices operate based on key principles such as the photovoltaic effect in p–n, p–i–n and heterojunctions, Schottky junctions, and designs with asymmetric electrodes, as well as through photoelectrochemical processes. They also make use of special effects like ferroelectric, pyroelectric, pyro-phototronic, photothermoelectric, and piezo-phototronic mechanisms.To improve their performance, researchers use materials like wide-bandgap semiconductors, organic–inorganic hybrids, low-dimensional materials, and perovskites. These materials help separate charge carriers better, reduce energy losses, and broaden the range of light the detectors can sense. Perovskite-based SPDs are particularly promising because they have adjustable bandgaps, long carrier diffusion lengths, and can be made using simple solution processes. This leads to devices that are highly sensitive, respond very quickly, work well across a wide range of light intensities, have low background current, and are stable over time. Recent breakthroughs include using trilayer heterojunctions, precise control of material dimensions, careful interface engineering, and the addition of plasmonic or nanostructured components. These advances have pushed detection capabilities to above 1014 Jones, response times below a millisecond, and broadband detection. Overall, the review highlights how choosing the right materials, optimizing interfaces, and combining multiple functional effects are key to developing the next generation of SPDs. These devices are expected to play an important role in wearable electronics, environmental sensors, imaging technologies, and other low-power optoelectronic applications.