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<p>Sweat drop-based energy harvesting is considered an evolving technology that employs triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) and biofuel cells to transform sweat droplets into electrical energy. However, the inadequate mechanical and electrical characteristics of hydrophobic triboelectric (Tribo) films produced using conventional methods significantly restrict TENG applications. Moreover, widely used polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based TENGs exhibit low charge density, limiting energy output. To address these issues, a Stretchable Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Particle-Enhanced TENG (SHP-TENG) is proposed for harvesting droplet energy from human motion. In this design, PVDF microparticles are firmly bonded on a flexible substrate to form a highly stretchable hydrophobic Tribo layer with superior durability and charge transfer capability. This design increases charge transfer efficiency and structural durability significantly. The SHP-TENG exhibits high electrical output, even under severe deformation or abrasion, and continues to work reliably. It generates energy from simulated sweat flow to power wearable electronics, which demonstrates its potential implementation in health monitoring and IoT technology. Also, the SHP-TENG maintains excellent stability, with less than 20% output reduction at 500% stretch and only 11.9% performance loss after mechanical abrasion. The device represents a new method to harvest energy from biofluids through innovative materials and sustainable energy production.</p>

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Triboelectric nanogenerator with PVDF particle enhancement for highly stretchable sweat-based droplet energy harvesting

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月1日

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  • V. Vijayalakshmi,
  • K. S. Geetha,
  • Shanmukha Nagaraj

摘要

Sweat drop-based energy harvesting is considered an evolving technology that employs triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) and biofuel cells to transform sweat droplets into electrical energy. However, the inadequate mechanical and electrical characteristics of hydrophobic triboelectric (Tribo) films produced using conventional methods significantly restrict TENG applications. Moreover, widely used polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based TENGs exhibit low charge density, limiting energy output. To address these issues, a Stretchable Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Particle-Enhanced TENG (SHP-TENG) is proposed for harvesting droplet energy from human motion. In this design, PVDF microparticles are firmly bonded on a flexible substrate to form a highly stretchable hydrophobic Tribo layer with superior durability and charge transfer capability. This design increases charge transfer efficiency and structural durability significantly. The SHP-TENG exhibits high electrical output, even under severe deformation or abrasion, and continues to work reliably. It generates energy from simulated sweat flow to power wearable electronics, which demonstrates its potential implementation in health monitoring and IoT technology. Also, the SHP-TENG maintains excellent stability, with less than 20% output reduction at 500% stretch and only 11.9% performance loss after mechanical abrasion. The device represents a new method to harvest energy from biofluids through innovative materials and sustainable energy production.