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<p>The growing demand for high-frequency electronic components has intensified the search for dielectric materials with improved polarization and conduction behavior. Although, Magnesium aluminate (MgAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) spinels offer excellent thermal and mechanical stability, their limited dielectric response restricts wider technological use. This study investigates whether iron substitution can effectively enhance the structural and dielectric characteristics of MgAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, addressing the need for tunable materials suitable for advanced electronic applications. A series of iron-doped compositions with the general formula MgAl<sub>2−<i>x</i></sub>Fe<sub><i>x</i></sub>O<sub>4</sub> (<i>x</i> = 0.0, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, and 0.25) were prepared using an economical citrate sol–gel method. The formation of the spinel phase was confirmed through X-ray diffraction. FTIR spectroscopy revealed characteristic AlO<sub>6</sub> vibrational bands near 500 and 700 cm<sup>-1</sup>. Dielectric analysis showed a progressive increase in dielectric constant (from 4 × 10<sup>2</sup> to 9 × 10<sup>2</sup>), dielectric loss (from 6.5 &#xa0;×&#xa0; 10<sup>2</sup> to 1.6 &#xa0;×&#xa0; 10<sup>3</sup>), and tangent loss (from 1.2 to 1.5) with increasing iron content. Impedance and Cole–Cole analyses further demonstrated reduced resistance and improved relaxation dynamics in Fe-substituted samples. The findings establish iron doping as an effective strategy for tailoring the dielectric behavior of MgAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, underscoring its potential for high-frequency electronics, sensors, and energy-related devices.</p>

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Enhanced dielectric and structural properties of iron-doped magnesium aluminate (MgAl2−xFexO4) synthesized via citrate sol–gel method

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月25日

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  • Anum Rabab,
  • Iftikhar Hussain Gul,
  • Muhammad Siyar,
  • Farhan Javaid

摘要

The growing demand for high-frequency electronic components has intensified the search for dielectric materials with improved polarization and conduction behavior. Although, Magnesium aluminate (MgAl2O4) spinels offer excellent thermal and mechanical stability, their limited dielectric response restricts wider technological use. This study investigates whether iron substitution can effectively enhance the structural and dielectric characteristics of MgAl2O4, addressing the need for tunable materials suitable for advanced electronic applications. A series of iron-doped compositions with the general formula MgAl2−xFexO4 (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, and 0.25) were prepared using an economical citrate sol–gel method. The formation of the spinel phase was confirmed through X-ray diffraction. FTIR spectroscopy revealed characteristic AlO6 vibrational bands near 500 and 700 cm-1. Dielectric analysis showed a progressive increase in dielectric constant (from 4 × 102 to 9 × 102), dielectric loss (from 6.5  ×  102 to 1.6  ×  103), and tangent loss (from 1.2 to 1.5) with increasing iron content. Impedance and Cole–Cole analyses further demonstrated reduced resistance and improved relaxation dynamics in Fe-substituted samples. The findings establish iron doping as an effective strategy for tailoring the dielectric behavior of MgAl2O4, underscoring its potential for high-frequency electronics, sensors, and energy-related devices.