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<p>Crystal violet doped benzotriazolium oxalate dihydrate (CV-BTO) single crystals were grown by slow evaporation solution technique and comprehensive comparison with undoped BTO crystals was carried out to understand the influence of dye inclusion on structure and physical properties. The doped crystal retains the monoclinic symmetry of the host, while Fourier transform-infrared spectra confirm dye incorporation. Optical studies show a direct bandgap of 3.72&#xa0;eV and photoluminescence analysis shows broad emission peaks at 422, 429, 441&#xa0;nm. Thermal analysis indicates stability up to 152&#xa0;°C. Photoconductivity measurements revealed negative photoconducting nature of crystal. Dielectric constant and loss decrease with increasing frequency indicating dipolar relaxation. The values of nonlinear refractive index (<i>n</i><sub>2</sub> = 6.55 × 10<sup>–11</sup>&#xa0;m<sup>2</sup>W<sup>−1</sup>) and third order nonlinear susceptibility (<i>χ</i><sup>3</sup> = 1.947 × 10<sup>–9</sup>&#xa0;esu) were calculated from Z-scan analysis. Etching analysis shows etch pit density of 6.4 × 10<sup>5</sup>&#xa0;cm<sup>−2</sup>. These results ascertained that CV incorporation significantly modifies the optical and nonlinear response of BTO, identifying CV-BTO as a promising dye-doped organic crystal for photonic and optoelectronic applications.</p>

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Growth, characterization and impact of crystal violet dye on benzotriazolium oxalate dihydrate single crystals

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月10日

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  • S. Manikandan,
  • Staines Obed James Johnson,
  • Rajesh Paulraj

摘要

Crystal violet doped benzotriazolium oxalate dihydrate (CV-BTO) single crystals were grown by slow evaporation solution technique and comprehensive comparison with undoped BTO crystals was carried out to understand the influence of dye inclusion on structure and physical properties. The doped crystal retains the monoclinic symmetry of the host, while Fourier transform-infrared spectra confirm dye incorporation. Optical studies show a direct bandgap of 3.72 eV and photoluminescence analysis shows broad emission peaks at 422, 429, 441 nm. Thermal analysis indicates stability up to 152 °C. Photoconductivity measurements revealed negative photoconducting nature of crystal. Dielectric constant and loss decrease with increasing frequency indicating dipolar relaxation. The values of nonlinear refractive index (n2 = 6.55 × 10–11 m2W−1) and third order nonlinear susceptibility (χ3 = 1.947 × 10–9 esu) were calculated from Z-scan analysis. Etching analysis shows etch pit density of 6.4 × 105 cm−2. These results ascertained that CV incorporation significantly modifies the optical and nonlinear response of BTO, identifying CV-BTO as a promising dye-doped organic crystal for photonic and optoelectronic applications.