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<p>This study demonstrates a sustainable synthesis of manganese dioxide (MnO₂) nanoparticles anchored on candlenut shell-derived activated carbon (CSAC) for supercapacitor applications. The novelty of this research lies in the use of CSAC as a support and the sole reducing agent in the redox reaction with KMnO₄, eliminating the need for external reductants which are often toxic. The activated carbon, prepared through chemical activation, served as both reducing agent and support for MnO₂ formation via redox reaction with KMnO₄. Optimal synthesis conditions were identified at 0.0040&#xa0;M KMnO₄ and pH 10, confirmed through the disappearance of characteristic MnO₄⁻ peaks and emergence of MnO₂ colloid absorption. Material characterisation revealed the successful formation of a nanocomposite, as evidenced by the detection of Mn–O vibrations and distinct diffraction patterns, with a crystallite size of approximately 8.5&#xa0;nm. The composite exhibited exceptional electrochemical performance, achieving specific capacitances of 5.63, 14.24, and 94.18 F/g at scan rates of 50, 20, and 5&#xa0;mV/s, respectively—representing a 150-fold enhancement over unmodified carbon. This superior performance is attributed to the synergistic combination of electric double-layer capacitance from porous carbon and pseudocapacitive properties from MnO₂ nanoparticles. The findings highlight the potential of biomass-derived composites as sustainable, high-performance electrode materials for advanced energy storage systems.</p>

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Candlenut shell-derived carbon-assisted formation of MnO₂ nanoparticles for enhanced electrochemical energy storage

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月6日

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  • Muhammad Zakir,
  • Citra Ichsani Amalia Makkaraka,
  • Elfa Sihaya,
  • Paulina Taba,
  • St. Fauziah,
  • La Ode Agus Salim

摘要

This study demonstrates a sustainable synthesis of manganese dioxide (MnO₂) nanoparticles anchored on candlenut shell-derived activated carbon (CSAC) for supercapacitor applications. The novelty of this research lies in the use of CSAC as a support and the sole reducing agent in the redox reaction with KMnO₄, eliminating the need for external reductants which are often toxic. The activated carbon, prepared through chemical activation, served as both reducing agent and support for MnO₂ formation via redox reaction with KMnO₄. Optimal synthesis conditions were identified at 0.0040 M KMnO₄ and pH 10, confirmed through the disappearance of characteristic MnO₄⁻ peaks and emergence of MnO₂ colloid absorption. Material characterisation revealed the successful formation of a nanocomposite, as evidenced by the detection of Mn–O vibrations and distinct diffraction patterns, with a crystallite size of approximately 8.5 nm. The composite exhibited exceptional electrochemical performance, achieving specific capacitances of 5.63, 14.24, and 94.18 F/g at scan rates of 50, 20, and 5 mV/s, respectively—representing a 150-fold enhancement over unmodified carbon. This superior performance is attributed to the synergistic combination of electric double-layer capacitance from porous carbon and pseudocapacitive properties from MnO₂ nanoparticles. The findings highlight the potential of biomass-derived composites as sustainable, high-performance electrode materials for advanced energy storage systems.