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<p>This work demonstrates a systematic and scalable approach for enhancing electrochromic performance in WO<sub>3</sub> thin films by precisely tuning the volume of tungstic acid precursor solution during solvothermal synthesis on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)-coated glass substrates, with a seed layer deposited by sputtering. While previous work has explored surfactant volume effects in seed-layer-free hydrothermal synthesis, the influence of precursor solution volume during seed-assisted solvothermal processing remains underexplored to the best of our knowledge. We show that tuning this parameter, tailors the nanostructure porosity and impacts key electrochromic properties, offering a pathway for high-efficiency device fabrication. The optimized 0.9&#xa0;ml precursor volume yields highly porous nanostructures with enhanced surface area and exhibits a hexagonal crystal phase. This film achieves a high optical modulation of 40%, optical density of 0.276, and a coloration efficiency of 19.17 cm<sup>2</sup>/C, alongside fast switching times of 2.02&#xa0;s (coloration) and 1.23&#xa0;s (bleaching) and a high diffusion coefficient (26.32 × 10<sup>–10</sup> cm<sup>2</sup>/s). The film also shows good cycling stability with negligible performance degradation after 500 cycles. These findings underscore the practical potential of this scalable synthesis method for advanced electrochromic devices, including smart windows, adaptive displays, and energy-saving applications.</p>

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Effect of precursor solution volume on electrochromic property of WO3 thin film: A solvothermal synthesis on seeded substrates

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月19日

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  • Kavitha Kamath,
  • Kilari Naveen Kumar,
  • Smitha G. Prabhu,
  • Devarajan Alagarasan,
  • Hitha D. Shetty,
  • R. Naik,
  • K. B. Manjunatha

摘要

This work demonstrates a systematic and scalable approach for enhancing electrochromic performance in WO3 thin films by precisely tuning the volume of tungstic acid precursor solution during solvothermal synthesis on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)-coated glass substrates, with a seed layer deposited by sputtering. While previous work has explored surfactant volume effects in seed-layer-free hydrothermal synthesis, the influence of precursor solution volume during seed-assisted solvothermal processing remains underexplored to the best of our knowledge. We show that tuning this parameter, tailors the nanostructure porosity and impacts key electrochromic properties, offering a pathway for high-efficiency device fabrication. The optimized 0.9 ml precursor volume yields highly porous nanostructures with enhanced surface area and exhibits a hexagonal crystal phase. This film achieves a high optical modulation of 40%, optical density of 0.276, and a coloration efficiency of 19.17 cm2/C, alongside fast switching times of 2.02 s (coloration) and 1.23 s (bleaching) and a high diffusion coefficient (26.32 × 10–10 cm2/s). The film also shows good cycling stability with negligible performance degradation after 500 cycles. These findings underscore the practical potential of this scalable synthesis method for advanced electrochromic devices, including smart windows, adaptive displays, and energy-saving applications.