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<p>Ni<sub>0.5</sub>Zn<sub>0.5</sub>Gd<sub>0.1</sub>Fe<sub>1.9</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nano-ferrite was synthesised via a sol–gel auto-combustion method and systematically investigated for its structural and dielectric properties. Rietveld-refined X-ray diffraction confirmed a phase-pure cubic spinel lattice, while SEM revealed agglomerated grains with intergranular porosity that facilitate interfacial polarization. FTIR spectroscopy validated the formation of a spinel framework through characteristic metal–oxygen vibrations. Dielectric measurements revealed strong frequency- and temperature-dependent dispersion, governed by Maxwell–Wagner interfacial polarisation and Fe<sup>2</sup>⁺/Fe<sup>3</sup>⁺ hopping. AC conductivity obeyed Jonscher’s universal power law, transitioning from DC-like conduction at low frequencies to thermally activated hopping at higher frequencies. Impedance spectroscopy revealed non-Debye relaxation, with relaxation peaks shifting to higher frequencies as the temperature increased. Notably, Gd<sup>3</sup>⁺ incorporation stabilised the spinel symmetry while markedly reducing grain and grain-boundary resistances, enhancing dielectric tunability- a feature not widely reported in Ni-Zn ferrites. These results establish Ni<sub>0.5</sub>Zn<sub>0.5</sub>Gd<sub>0.1</sub>Fe<sub>1.9</sub>O<sub>4</sub> as a promising material for thermally adaptable RF and microwave applications.</p>

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Thermally activated dielectric relaxation and impedance response in Sol–Gel synthesised Ni0.5Zn0.5Gd0.1Fe1.9O4 Nano-ferrite

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月16日

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  • M. V. Santhosh Kumar,
  • G. J. Shankaramurthy,
  • Al Masr Walaa Fawazi,
  • Sahebagouda Jambaladinni,
  • A. B. Vinayaka Patil,
  • Kodihalli K. Nagaraja,
  • B. M. Prasanna

摘要

Ni0.5Zn0.5Gd0.1Fe1.9O4 nano-ferrite was synthesised via a sol–gel auto-combustion method and systematically investigated for its structural and dielectric properties. Rietveld-refined X-ray diffraction confirmed a phase-pure cubic spinel lattice, while SEM revealed agglomerated grains with intergranular porosity that facilitate interfacial polarization. FTIR spectroscopy validated the formation of a spinel framework through characteristic metal–oxygen vibrations. Dielectric measurements revealed strong frequency- and temperature-dependent dispersion, governed by Maxwell–Wagner interfacial polarisation and Fe2⁺/Fe3⁺ hopping. AC conductivity obeyed Jonscher’s universal power law, transitioning from DC-like conduction at low frequencies to thermally activated hopping at higher frequencies. Impedance spectroscopy revealed non-Debye relaxation, with relaxation peaks shifting to higher frequencies as the temperature increased. Notably, Gd3⁺ incorporation stabilised the spinel symmetry while markedly reducing grain and grain-boundary resistances, enhancing dielectric tunability- a feature not widely reported in Ni-Zn ferrites. These results establish Ni0.5Zn0.5Gd0.1Fe1.9O4 as a promising material for thermally adaptable RF and microwave applications.