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<p>Researchers used a number of physicochemical techniques to develop a method for producing slow evaporation solution crystals containing zinc tris(thiourea) sulfate (ZTS) and methyl orange (MO) color. Analyses using PXRD&#xa0;have shown that the synthetic chemical forms crystals with a Pca2₁ space group and an orthorhombic arrangement. The unadulterated ZTS had lattice constants of a = 11.671&#xa0;Å, b = 7.587&#xa0;Å, and c = 15.411&#xa0;Å, whereas the doped material showed a little shrinkage in cell dimensions to a = 11.621&#xa0;Å, b = 7.534&#xa0;Å, and c = 15.399&#xa0;Å. Thermogravimetric and thermal analysis (TGA and DSC) investigations showed improved thermal endurance, with a marked endothermic peak at 242&#xa0;°C and a total mass loss of over 42.5% between 220 and 250&#xa0;°C. Changes seen in the Fourier transform infrared spectra confirmed the molecular interactions between the host species and the dopant. Upon dye inclusion, UV–Vis absorption studies revealed a direct optical band gap narrowing from 4.595&#xa0;eV to 4.545&#xa0;eV. Microindentation testing revealed a hardening effect due to reduced dislocation mobility, while photoluminescence spectra revealed a reduction in emissions caused by defects. Dielectric results showed reduced energy dissipation at higher frequencies, while electrical characterization showed activation energies of 0.45&#xa0;eV for the modified specimen and 0.18&#xa0;eV for the pure specimen. From 34.6&#xa0;mJ for undoped ZTS to 66.2&#xa0;mJ after modification, the efficiency of second harmonic generation showed a considerable improvement. In addition, the third-order parameters showed notable improvements in the nonlinear optical evaluation using Z-scan: the nonlinear refractive index (n<sub>2</sub>) went up from 3.61 × 10<sup>-10</sup> to 5.65 × 10<sup>-10</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/W, the nonlinear absorption coefficient (γ) went up from 1.29 × 10<sup>-3</sup> to 1.57 × 10<sup>-3</sup>&#xa0;m/W, and the third-order susceptibility (χ<sup>3</sup>) went up from 3.13 × 10<sup>-7</sup> to 4.11 × 10<sup>-7</sup> esu. Taken together, our findings indicate that ZTS crystals integrated with MO exhibit enhanced optical, structural, and electrical properties, supporting their potential application in cutting-edge photonic, laser modulation, and optical limiting technologies.</p>

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Boosting nonlinear optical properties of zinc tris(thiourea) sulfate crystals via methyl orange doping

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月1日

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  • G. Krishnamoorthi,
  • K. Singaravelan,
  • G. B. Mohankumar,
  • T. Jayanalina

摘要

Researchers used a number of physicochemical techniques to develop a method for producing slow evaporation solution crystals containing zinc tris(thiourea) sulfate (ZTS) and methyl orange (MO) color. Analyses using PXRD have shown that the synthetic chemical forms crystals with a Pca2₁ space group and an orthorhombic arrangement. The unadulterated ZTS had lattice constants of a = 11.671 Å, b = 7.587 Å, and c = 15.411 Å, whereas the doped material showed a little shrinkage in cell dimensions to a = 11.621 Å, b = 7.534 Å, and c = 15.399 Å. Thermogravimetric and thermal analysis (TGA and DSC) investigations showed improved thermal endurance, with a marked endothermic peak at 242 °C and a total mass loss of over 42.5% between 220 and 250 °C. Changes seen in the Fourier transform infrared spectra confirmed the molecular interactions between the host species and the dopant. Upon dye inclusion, UV–Vis absorption studies revealed a direct optical band gap narrowing from 4.595 eV to 4.545 eV. Microindentation testing revealed a hardening effect due to reduced dislocation mobility, while photoluminescence spectra revealed a reduction in emissions caused by defects. Dielectric results showed reduced energy dissipation at higher frequencies, while electrical characterization showed activation energies of 0.45 eV for the modified specimen and 0.18 eV for the pure specimen. From 34.6 mJ for undoped ZTS to 66.2 mJ after modification, the efficiency of second harmonic generation showed a considerable improvement. In addition, the third-order parameters showed notable improvements in the nonlinear optical evaluation using Z-scan: the nonlinear refractive index (n2) went up from 3.61 × 10-10 to 5.65 × 10-10 m2/W, the nonlinear absorption coefficient (γ) went up from 1.29 × 10-3 to 1.57 × 10-3 m/W, and the third-order susceptibility (χ3) went up from 3.13 × 10-7 to 4.11 × 10-7 esu. Taken together, our findings indicate that ZTS crystals integrated with MO exhibit enhanced optical, structural, and electrical properties, supporting their potential application in cutting-edge photonic, laser modulation, and optical limiting technologies.