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<p>In this study, titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) nanoparticles co-doped with fluoride (F⁻) and chromium (Cr<sup>3</sup>⁺) were synthesized using a solid-state method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed the tetragonal anatase-phase crystal structure of the samples, and the average crystallite size was observed to decrease with increasing dopant concentrations. The BET surface area and average pore diameter increase with higher dopant concentrations. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy confirmed the successful incorporation of Cr<sup>3</sup>⁺ and F⁻ into the TiO<sub>2</sub> lattice. With increasing dopant concentration, the absorption edge of the doped samples shifts toward the blue region, indicating that the optical absorption properties of TiO<sub>2</sub> can be tuned. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed a combination of spherical and hexagonal particles with reduced size. The Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) studies demonstrated that the co-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles serve as effective sensors for detecting pollutants. The photocatalytic efficiency of the synthesized material was evaluated using textile wastewater and four different commercial dyes. This study highlights the ability to fine-tune TiO<sub>2</sub> nanostructures by adjusting Cr<sup>3</sup>⁺ and F⁻ doping levels, enabling their dual functionality as efficient SERS sensors and photocatalytic substrates.</p>

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Tailoring synergetic effects of Cr3+ and F− simultaneously doped TiO2 for SERS detection and photocatalytic degradation of carcinogenic dyes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月7日

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  • Nouf Alharbi,
  • S. Sasi Florence

摘要

In this study, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles co-doped with fluoride (F⁻) and chromium (Cr3⁺) were synthesized using a solid-state method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed the tetragonal anatase-phase crystal structure of the samples, and the average crystallite size was observed to decrease with increasing dopant concentrations. The BET surface area and average pore diameter increase with higher dopant concentrations. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy confirmed the successful incorporation of Cr3⁺ and F⁻ into the TiO2 lattice. With increasing dopant concentration, the absorption edge of the doped samples shifts toward the blue region, indicating that the optical absorption properties of TiO2 can be tuned. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed a combination of spherical and hexagonal particles with reduced size. The Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) studies demonstrated that the co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles serve as effective sensors for detecting pollutants. The photocatalytic efficiency of the synthesized material was evaluated using textile wastewater and four different commercial dyes. This study highlights the ability to fine-tune TiO2 nanostructures by adjusting Cr3⁺ and F⁻ doping levels, enabling their dual functionality as efficient SERS sensors and photocatalytic substrates.