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<p>This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the structural and humidity sensing behavior of La₂O₃–reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composites with varying lanthanum concentrations with general formula (x)La₂O₃ + (1–x)rGO (<i>x</i> = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the presence of crystalline La₂O₃ phases with major diffraction peaks at 2<i>θ</i> values of 18.01°, 22.82°, 50.48°, and 54.02°, corresponding to (100), (102), (201), and (211) planes of hexagonal La₂O₃. The calculated d-spacings and crystallite sizes (~ 140–156&#xa0;nm) indicated nanocrystalline La₂O₃ domains well-integrated into the rGO matrix, with no significant structural distortion across La concentrations. The humidity sensing properties of the composites were evaluated across a wide relative humidity range (11–95% RH). All samples exhibited a typical decrease in resistance with increasing humidity, consistent with chemisorption and physisorption-driven proton conduction mechanisms. The La 0.3 composition showed the highest sensitivity, attributed to its enhanced surface reactivity and greater water uptake capacity. Fast response (15&#xa0;s) and recovery (17&#xa0;s) times were observed, supported by stable and reversible resistance transitions during cyclic exposure to humid and dry conditions. Long-term stability testing over 60&#xa0;days under 95% RH conditions demonstrated minimal resistance drift, confirming excellent operational durability. In addition, a 3D bar profile captured the sensor’s performance consistency across humidity ranges, revealing high reproducibility and response uniformity. The synergistic effect of hygroscopic La₂O₃ and highly conductive rGO enabled rapid charge transport and robust sensing characteristics. Overall, the La₂O₃–rGO (La 0.3) composite sensor displayed superior sensitivity, fast dynamics, and exceptional stability, making it a promising candidate for practical humidity sensing applications in environmental monitoring, industrial automation, and smart electronics.</p>

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High-performance La₂O₃–rGO nanocomposite sensors for humidity detection: experimental and DFT insights

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月4日

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  • V. Jagadeesh Angadi,
  • B. Chethan,
  • Kiran  Bhaskar,
  • Mohd. Shkir,
  • M. A. Sayed,
  • Nagaraj  Basavegowda,
  • Vinayak Pattar,
  • Zhengyou  Li

摘要

This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the structural and humidity sensing behavior of La₂O₃–reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composites with varying lanthanum concentrations with general formula (x)La₂O₃ + (1–x)rGO (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the presence of crystalline La₂O₃ phases with major diffraction peaks at 2θ values of 18.01°, 22.82°, 50.48°, and 54.02°, corresponding to (100), (102), (201), and (211) planes of hexagonal La₂O₃. The calculated d-spacings and crystallite sizes (~ 140–156 nm) indicated nanocrystalline La₂O₃ domains well-integrated into the rGO matrix, with no significant structural distortion across La concentrations. The humidity sensing properties of the composites were evaluated across a wide relative humidity range (11–95% RH). All samples exhibited a typical decrease in resistance with increasing humidity, consistent with chemisorption and physisorption-driven proton conduction mechanisms. The La 0.3 composition showed the highest sensitivity, attributed to its enhanced surface reactivity and greater water uptake capacity. Fast response (15 s) and recovery (17 s) times were observed, supported by stable and reversible resistance transitions during cyclic exposure to humid and dry conditions. Long-term stability testing over 60 days under 95% RH conditions demonstrated minimal resistance drift, confirming excellent operational durability. In addition, a 3D bar profile captured the sensor’s performance consistency across humidity ranges, revealing high reproducibility and response uniformity. The synergistic effect of hygroscopic La₂O₃ and highly conductive rGO enabled rapid charge transport and robust sensing characteristics. Overall, the La₂O₃–rGO (La 0.3) composite sensor displayed superior sensitivity, fast dynamics, and exceptional stability, making it a promising candidate for practical humidity sensing applications in environmental monitoring, industrial automation, and smart electronics.