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<p>The practical deployment of sodium-ion batteries depends strongly on the development of hard carbon anodes that can deliver high energy density while being inexpensive. Current research primarily focuses on how to maximize the sodium storage capacity through precise structural engineering, with particular emphasis on enhancing the valuable low-potential plateau capacity. In this study, instead of adopting complex chemical modification routes, a streamlined yet effective approach is implemented by comparing the structural evolution of phenolic resin precursors with and without foaming agents at high temperatures (1400&#xa0;°C). The resulting material exhibits an extremely low reactive specific surface area (38 m<sup>2</sup>/g), while the volume of its internal closed pores is doubled. This optimized microstructure directly endows the anode material with excellent sodium storage performance, simultaneously yielding a high reversible capacity of 361.89 mAh/g and a low-potential plateau capacity of 245.10 mAh/g. Additionally, although the introduction of graphite conductive additives increases the conductivity by a factor of 4.5 (from 16.8 to 75 S/m), their improvement of the sodium storage capacity remains limited. These findings underscore the critical role of closed-pore structures in governing sodium-ion intercalation and present a pore regulation strategy that improves electron transport, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for developing high-performance hard carbon anodes.</p>

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Study on the effect of pore structure regulation in phenolic resin-based hard carbon on sodium-ion battery performance

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月7日

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  • Xianxian Mei,
  • Siyong Gu,
  • Jidong Ma,
  • Jifan Qin,
  • Zhizhu Tang,
  • Houan Zhang

摘要

The practical deployment of sodium-ion batteries depends strongly on the development of hard carbon anodes that can deliver high energy density while being inexpensive. Current research primarily focuses on how to maximize the sodium storage capacity through precise structural engineering, with particular emphasis on enhancing the valuable low-potential plateau capacity. In this study, instead of adopting complex chemical modification routes, a streamlined yet effective approach is implemented by comparing the structural evolution of phenolic resin precursors with and without foaming agents at high temperatures (1400 °C). The resulting material exhibits an extremely low reactive specific surface area (38 m2/g), while the volume of its internal closed pores is doubled. This optimized microstructure directly endows the anode material with excellent sodium storage performance, simultaneously yielding a high reversible capacity of 361.89 mAh/g and a low-potential plateau capacity of 245.10 mAh/g. Additionally, although the introduction of graphite conductive additives increases the conductivity by a factor of 4.5 (from 16.8 to 75 S/m), their improvement of the sodium storage capacity remains limited. These findings underscore the critical role of closed-pore structures in governing sodium-ion intercalation and present a pore regulation strategy that improves electron transport, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for developing high-performance hard carbon anodes.