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<p>Aqueous seawater batteries hold significant promise for different applications. However, the instability of cathode materials limits their widespread application. This study presents the development of a new hybrid cell featuring a novel rechargeable composite positive electrode that is prepared using the functionalized carbon felt (FCF), electrochemically synthesized polypyrrole (PPy), which is coated with silver chloride (AgCl) by a modified successive ion layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) technique. The FCF/PPy–AgCl cathode demonstrated good electrochemical and electrical characteristics. During charge, oxidizing (doping with chloride anions) of PPy and oxidation of Ag to AgCl, while during discharge, the dedoping of PPy and reduction of AgCl to metallic Ag occurred. Combined with an AZ63 (<b>a</b>luminum-<b>z</b>inc) magnesium alloy that behaves as a classical primary cell anode during discharge, and a hydrogen-evolving electrode during charge, the hybrid cell exhibited high specific power at high discharge rates. At low discharge rates, the oxygen reduction reaction occurred, and significant energy output can be achieved. It is estimated that under cycling with a relatively high rate of ~1.8<i>Q</i>, a capacity fade of 30% occurred after ~175 charge/discharge cycles. The possible application of the AZ63 | 3.5% NaCl | FCF/PPy–AgCl cell for life-saving boats and as short-term power sources for monitoring shallow seawater quality, with proposed electronic components and working algorithm, is discussed. By utilizing seawater as a sustainable electrolyte and eco-friendly materials, this system demonstrates a novel approach to energy storage systems.</p>

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Characteristics of sea seawater battery with magnesium alloy AZ63 and a rechargeable composite positive electrode based on polypyrrole and silver chloride

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月15日

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  • Aleksandra S. Popović,
  • Milan Milivojević,
  • Dušan Trajković,
  • Lazar Rakočević,
  • Branimir N. Grgur

摘要

Aqueous seawater batteries hold significant promise for different applications. However, the instability of cathode materials limits their widespread application. This study presents the development of a new hybrid cell featuring a novel rechargeable composite positive electrode that is prepared using the functionalized carbon felt (FCF), electrochemically synthesized polypyrrole (PPy), which is coated with silver chloride (AgCl) by a modified successive ion layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) technique. The FCF/PPy–AgCl cathode demonstrated good electrochemical and electrical characteristics. During charge, oxidizing (doping with chloride anions) of PPy and oxidation of Ag to AgCl, while during discharge, the dedoping of PPy and reduction of AgCl to metallic Ag occurred. Combined with an AZ63 (aluminum-zinc) magnesium alloy that behaves as a classical primary cell anode during discharge, and a hydrogen-evolving electrode during charge, the hybrid cell exhibited high specific power at high discharge rates. At low discharge rates, the oxygen reduction reaction occurred, and significant energy output can be achieved. It is estimated that under cycling with a relatively high rate of ~1.8Q, a capacity fade of 30% occurred after ~175 charge/discharge cycles. The possible application of the AZ63 | 3.5% NaCl | FCF/PPy–AgCl cell for life-saving boats and as short-term power sources for monitoring shallow seawater quality, with proposed electronic components and working algorithm, is discussed. By utilizing seawater as a sustainable electrolyte and eco-friendly materials, this system demonstrates a novel approach to energy storage systems.