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<p>Nanostructured materials are gaining attention for their size-dependent properties and diverse applications. Among them, ZnO, with its wide band gap, high exciton binding energy, and strong surface reactivity, is highly suitable for optoelectronic devices, sensors, energy harvesting, and photocatalysis. Here, in this work, we report the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), nanosheets (NS), and nanorods (NRs) via chemical precipitation, where different precursors directed the growth into nanoparticles (NPs), nanosheets (NS), and nanorods (NRs). X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite phase in all the samples, with varying crystallite sizes with morphology, e.g., 29&#xa0;nm for NPs, 32&#xa0;nm for NS, and 38&#xa0;nm for NRs. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) further revealed distinct structural differences, showing nearly spherical nanoparticles (50–70&#xa0;nm), two-dimensional nanosheets composed of crystalline grains, and well-defined one-dimensional nanorods with lengths of 120–280&#xa0;nm. These observations were further corroborated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which highlighted surface topography and size heterogeneity, providing complementary insights into the morphology. Optical measurements by UV–Vis absorption analysis indicated a tunable optical band gap ranging from 3.05 to 3.33&#xa0;eV. An in-depth comprehensive analysis of linear and nonlinear optical parameters, including transmittance, reflectance, and derivation of key constants such as the real (ε<sub>1</sub>) and imaginary (ε<sub>2</sub>) dielectric functions, extinction coefficient (K), volume energy loss function (VELF), and surface energy loss function (SELF), underscored the influence of morphology on optical behaviour. The third-order nonlinear susceptibility value was found to be 2.58 × 10<sup>−10</sup> esu, 2.67 × 10<sup>−10</sup> esu, and 2.77 × 10<sup>−10</sup> esu for ZnO NPs, NS, and NRs, respectively. Efficient sunlight-driven photodegradation of Methylene Blue (MB) dye was achieved using our samples, with degradation efficiencies of 95.37%, 96.55%, and 86.00% for ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), nanosheets (NS), and nanorods (NRs), respectively, within 180&#xa0;min. These findings demonstrate that precursor selection is a simple yet effective strategy for tuning ZnO nanostructure properties, enabling targeted design for applications in photonics, photocatalytic, optoelectronics, and biomedical applications.</p>

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Tuning structural, linear and nonlinear optical properties of chemically precipitated ZnO nanomaterials: efficient sunlight-driven photodegradation of methylene blue

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月14日

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  • Soumen Rakshit,
  • Suman Kumar Das,
  • Arindam Samanta,
  • Tilak Narayan Ghosh,
  • Paresh Chandra Jana,
  • Subhas Chandra Saha

摘要

Nanostructured materials are gaining attention for their size-dependent properties and diverse applications. Among them, ZnO, with its wide band gap, high exciton binding energy, and strong surface reactivity, is highly suitable for optoelectronic devices, sensors, energy harvesting, and photocatalysis. Here, in this work, we report the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), nanosheets (NS), and nanorods (NRs) via chemical precipitation, where different precursors directed the growth into nanoparticles (NPs), nanosheets (NS), and nanorods (NRs). X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite phase in all the samples, with varying crystallite sizes with morphology, e.g., 29 nm for NPs, 32 nm for NS, and 38 nm for NRs. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) further revealed distinct structural differences, showing nearly spherical nanoparticles (50–70 nm), two-dimensional nanosheets composed of crystalline grains, and well-defined one-dimensional nanorods with lengths of 120–280 nm. These observations were further corroborated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which highlighted surface topography and size heterogeneity, providing complementary insights into the morphology. Optical measurements by UV–Vis absorption analysis indicated a tunable optical band gap ranging from 3.05 to 3.33 eV. An in-depth comprehensive analysis of linear and nonlinear optical parameters, including transmittance, reflectance, and derivation of key constants such as the real (ε1) and imaginary (ε2) dielectric functions, extinction coefficient (K), volume energy loss function (VELF), and surface energy loss function (SELF), underscored the influence of morphology on optical behaviour. The third-order nonlinear susceptibility value was found to be 2.58 × 10−10 esu, 2.67 × 10−10 esu, and 2.77 × 10−10 esu for ZnO NPs, NS, and NRs, respectively. Efficient sunlight-driven photodegradation of Methylene Blue (MB) dye was achieved using our samples, with degradation efficiencies of 95.37%, 96.55%, and 86.00% for ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), nanosheets (NS), and nanorods (NRs), respectively, within 180 min. These findings demonstrate that precursor selection is a simple yet effective strategy for tuning ZnO nanostructure properties, enabling targeted design for applications in photonics, photocatalytic, optoelectronics, and biomedical applications.