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<p>This work presents a systematic exploration of ZnAl₂O₄ spinel ceramics engineered through sol–gel synthesis with targeted substitution of Cu<sup>2</sup>⁺, Mg<sup>2</sup>⁺, and Mn<sup>2</sup>⁺ at the zinc site and their influence in tailoring dielectric and photocatalytic properties. Structural refinements confirmed single-phase cubic spinel formation, while dopant-induced variations modulated lattice geometry, defect density, and microstrain. Optical characterization demonstrated effective bandgap narrowing (3.19 &gt; 3.01, 2.90, 2.82&#xa0;eV), enhancing visible light responsiveness critical for catalytic applications. Dielectric behavior exhibited strong frequency dispersion at low ranges, indicative of space charge contributions, with Mn-doped samples exhibiting exceptional dielectric constants (<i>ε</i>′ = 15,105.3) and minimal loss at low frequencies due to Maxwell–Wagner interfacial polarization. Furthermore, photocatalytic assessments under visible irradiation for the degradation of organic pollutant (Rose Bengal, RB) highlighted Mg-doped variants of ZnAl₂O₄, which achieved the most rapid degradation rate and lowest half-life with a degradation efficiency of 87.5%, attributed to its increased surface area and improved charge carrier separation. The synergy between lattice-level modification and interfacial charge dynamics affirms the potential of this doped spinel in advanced photofunctional and electronic systems.</p>

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Tailoring ZnAl2O4 properties through divalent metal ions (Cu2+, Mg2+, & Mn2+) incorporation: a study on dielectric and photocatalytic enhancement

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月12日

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  • G. Anitha,
  • G. Pavithra,
  • D. Geetha

摘要

This work presents a systematic exploration of ZnAl₂O₄ spinel ceramics engineered through sol–gel synthesis with targeted substitution of Cu2⁺, Mg2⁺, and Mn2⁺ at the zinc site and their influence in tailoring dielectric and photocatalytic properties. Structural refinements confirmed single-phase cubic spinel formation, while dopant-induced variations modulated lattice geometry, defect density, and microstrain. Optical characterization demonstrated effective bandgap narrowing (3.19 > 3.01, 2.90, 2.82 eV), enhancing visible light responsiveness critical for catalytic applications. Dielectric behavior exhibited strong frequency dispersion at low ranges, indicative of space charge contributions, with Mn-doped samples exhibiting exceptional dielectric constants (ε′ = 15,105.3) and minimal loss at low frequencies due to Maxwell–Wagner interfacial polarization. Furthermore, photocatalytic assessments under visible irradiation for the degradation of organic pollutant (Rose Bengal, RB) highlighted Mg-doped variants of ZnAl₂O₄, which achieved the most rapid degradation rate and lowest half-life with a degradation efficiency of 87.5%, attributed to its increased surface area and improved charge carrier separation. The synergy between lattice-level modification and interfacial charge dynamics affirms the potential of this doped spinel in advanced photofunctional and electronic systems.