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<p>Single crystals of 1-ethyl-4-isopropyl-1,2,3-triazolium bromide (EITB) were cultivated using low-temperature evaporation method with anisole as the solvent. The lattice parameters of the EITB crystals were found out to be <i>a</i> = 8.108&#xa0;Å, <i>b</i> = 21.292&#xa0;Å, <i>c</i> = 8.617&#xa0;Å, <i>V</i> = 1456&#xa0;Å<sup>3</sup>, <i>α</i> = 90°, <i>β</i> = 101.86°, and <i>γ</i> = 90° using single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD) analysis. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) was used to validate the material’s crystalline nature, with lattice planes identified and microstrain calculated using the Williamson–Hall equation. The EITB crystal functional groups were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Optical characterization via UV–visible NIR spectroscopy showed high transparency in the range of 190–1100&#xa0;nm, indicating good optical quality. Dielectric studies revealed low dielectric loss, suggesting minimal energy dissipation under an applied electric field. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were used to investigate the phase transitions and thermal stability. Photoconductivity measurements confirmed the negative photoconductive nature of the crystal, where conductivity decreased under light exposure. Mechanical strength was evaluated using Vickers microhardness testing. The material’s potential for nonlinear optical applications was demonstrated by the Z-scan approach, which was used to estimate the third-order nonlinear optical parameters, such as the nonlinear refractive index (<i>n</i>₂), two-photon absorption coefficient (<i>β</i>), and third-order nonlinear susceptibility (<i>χ</i><sup>3</sup>).</p>

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Growth and characterization of organic 1-ethyl-4-isopropyl-1,2,4-triazolium bromide (EITB) single crystal for optoelectronic applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月15日

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  • G. Prabakaran,
  • R. Sathyalakshmi,
  • Sahaya Infant Lasalle B,
  • Senthil Pandian Muthu,
  • Muthuswamy Senthilkumar,
  • Ramasamy P

摘要

Single crystals of 1-ethyl-4-isopropyl-1,2,3-triazolium bromide (EITB) were cultivated using low-temperature evaporation method with anisole as the solvent. The lattice parameters of the EITB crystals were found out to be a = 8.108 Å, b = 21.292 Å, c = 8.617 Å, V = 1456 Å3, α = 90°, β = 101.86°, and γ = 90° using single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD) analysis. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) was used to validate the material’s crystalline nature, with lattice planes identified and microstrain calculated using the Williamson–Hall equation. The EITB crystal functional groups were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Optical characterization via UV–visible NIR spectroscopy showed high transparency in the range of 190–1100 nm, indicating good optical quality. Dielectric studies revealed low dielectric loss, suggesting minimal energy dissipation under an applied electric field. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were used to investigate the phase transitions and thermal stability. Photoconductivity measurements confirmed the negative photoconductive nature of the crystal, where conductivity decreased under light exposure. Mechanical strength was evaluated using Vickers microhardness testing. The material’s potential for nonlinear optical applications was demonstrated by the Z-scan approach, which was used to estimate the third-order nonlinear optical parameters, such as the nonlinear refractive index (n₂), two-photon absorption coefficient (β), and third-order nonlinear susceptibility (χ3).